Kardiovaskulárne (KVS) ochorenia patria medzi hlavné príčiny úmrtí vo svete. Zvýšené hladiny celkového cholesterolu a LDL cholesterolu sú spojené so zvýšenou incidenciou KVS chorôb v populácii a naopak, redukcia hladiny lipoproteínov v plazme má pozitívny efekt na prevenciu tohto ochorenia. Pacienti s reumatoidnou artritídou (RA), chronickým zápalovým ochorením, majú výrazne zvýšené riziko úmrtia v dôsledku KVS ochorení, napriek tomu, že v porovnaní s bežnou populáciou majú znížené hladiny lipoproteínov, čo sa označuje ako "lipidový paradox". RA sama o sebe predstavuje nezávislý KVS rizikový faktor pôsobiaci ako zápalová zložka. Zápal, u RA sa prejavujúci systémovo zvýšenými koncentráciami prozápalových cytokínov, najmä interleukínu 6 (IL-6), interleukínu 1β (IL-1β) a faktora nekrotizujúce-ho tumory α (TNF-α), je považovaný za hlavného prispievateľa aterogenézy jeho vplyvom na lipoproteínový metabolizmus a biológiu arteriálnej steny. Ateroskleróza, komplexný proces zahŕňajúci množstvo mechanizmov, už nie je posudzovaná len ako porucha metabolizmu lipidov, ale aj ako chronické zápalové ochorenie. Tento prehľadný článok sa zaoberá sumarizáciou najnovších poznatkov o kvantitatívnych a kvalitatívnych zmenách lipidov a lipoproteínov ovplyvnených zápalom nízkeho stupňa spôsobeného RA a ich vplyve na aterosklerózu.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) belong to the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Elevated levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol are associated with increased incidence of CVD in the population. Reversely, reduction of lipoprotein levels in plasma results in a positive impact on CVD prevention. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, have markedly increased mortality risk due to CVD, despite lower lipoprotein levels in comparison with common population. This is known as the "lipid paradox". RA itself represents an independent CVD risk factor acting as an inflammatory component. Inflammation, manifested by systemic elevated concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 β (IL-1 β) and the tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in RA, is considered to be the main contributor of atherogenesis via its impact on lipoprotein metabolism and on the biology of the arterial wall. Atherosclerosis, a complex process including a number of mechanisms, is not only regarded as dysregulation of lipid metabolism, but also as a chronic inflammatory disease. This review summarizes the newest findings about the qualitative and quantitative alterations of lipids and lipoproteins affected by low-grade inflammation triggered by RA and their consequences on atherosclerosis.
The physiological function of butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8, BChE) is not clearly understood, but a role was suggested in the fat utilization process, resulting in positive correlation between plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and BChE activity. Consequently we tested the hypothesis that regular intake of betaine, a natural compound intervening in the liver TG metabolism could influence the BChE activity. The BChE activity was estimated spectrophotometrically in plasma of rats fed with betaine enriched standard (B) or high-fat diet (HFB). The results confirmed decreased TG plasma levels after betaine treatment independently on the type of diet (0.15+/-0.03 (B) vs. 0.27+/-0.08 (control) mmol/l; p=0.003 and 0.13+/-0.03 (HFB) vs. 0.27+/-0.08 (control) mmol/l; p=0.005). The BChE activity increased significantly with betaine administration, however the change was more distinct in the HFB group (0.84+/-0.34 (HFB) vs. 0.22+/-0.04 (control) O.D./min/mg; p<0.001 and 0.41+/-0.11 (B) vs. 0.22+/-0.04 (control) O.D./min/mg; p=0.001). In conclusion, betaine intake led to elevated BChE activity in plasma and this effect was potentiated by the HF diet. Since betaine is in general used as a supplement in the treatment of liver diseases accompanied by TG overload, its impact on the BChE activity in the role of the liver function marker should be taken into account.
- MeSH
- aktivace enzymů účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- betain aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa krev MeSH
- dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků škodlivé účinky MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- nemoci jater krev enzymologie etiologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- triglyceridy krev MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
