The outbreak of COVID-19 raised numerous questions on the interactions between the occurrence of new infections, the environment, climate and health. The European Union requested the H2020 HERA project which aims at setting priorities in research on environment, climate and health, to identify relevant research needs regarding Covid-19. The emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 appears to be related to urbanization, habitat destruction, live animal trade, intensive livestock farming and global travel. The contribution of climate and air pollution requires additional studies. Importantly, the severity of COVID-19 depends on the interactions between the viral infection, ageing and chronic diseases such as metabolic, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and obesity which are themselves influenced by environmental stressors. The mechanisms of these interactions deserve additional scrutiny. Both the pandemic and the social response to the disease have elicited an array of behavioural and societal changes that may remain long after the pandemic and that may have long term health effects including on mental health. Recovery plans are currently being discussed or implemented and the environmental and health impacts of those plans are not clearly foreseen. Clearly, COVID-19 will have a long-lasting impact on the environmental health field and will open new research perspectives and policy needs.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- podnebí MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the risk of lung cancer associated with ever working as a painter, duration of employment and type of painter by histological subtype as well as joint effects with smoking, within the SYNERGY project. METHODS: Data were pooled from 16 participating case-control studies conducted internationally. Detailed individual occupational and smoking histories were available for 19 369 lung cancer cases (684 ever employed as painters) and 23 674 age-matched and sex-matched controls (532 painters). Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, centre, cigarette pack-years, time-since-smoking cessation and lifetime work in other jobs that entailed exposure to lung carcinogens. RESULTS: Ever having worked as a painter was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in men (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.50). The association was strongest for construction and repair painters and the risk was elevated for all histological subtypes, although more evident for small cell and squamous cell lung cancer than for adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. There was evidence of interaction on the additive scale between smoking and employment as a painter (relative excess risk due to interaction >0). CONCLUSIONS: Our results by type/industry of painter may aid future identification of causative agents or exposure scenarios to develop evidence-based practices for reducing harmful exposures in painters.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kouření epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic chemicky indukované MeSH
- nátěrové hmoty škodlivé účinky MeSH
- nemoci z povolání chemicky indukované MeSH
- pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are widespread disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water, and long-term exposure has been consistently associated with increased bladder cancer risk. OBJECTIVE: We assessed THM levels in drinking water in the European Union as a marker of DBP exposure and estimated the attributable burden of bladder cancer. METHODS: We collected recent annual mean THM levels in municipal drinking water in 28 European countries (EU28) from routine monitoring records. We estimated a linear exposure-response function for average residential THM levels and bladder cancer by pooling data from studies included in the largest international pooled analysis published to date in order to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for bladder cancer associated with the mean THM level in each country (relative to no exposure), population-attributable fraction (PAF), and number of attributable bladder cancer cases in different scenarios using incidence rates and population from the Global Burden of Disease study of 2016. RESULTS: We obtained 2005-2018 THM data from EU26, covering 75% of the population. Data coverage and accuracy were heterogeneous among countries. The estimated population-weighted mean THM level was 11.7μg/L [standard deviation (SD) of 11.2]. The estimated bladder cancer PAF was 4.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5, 7.1] overall (range: 0-23%), accounting for 6,561 (95% CI: 3,389, 9,537) bladder cancer cases per year. Denmark and the Netherlands had the lowest PAF (0.0% each), while Cyprus (23.2%), Malta (17.9%), and Ireland (17.2%) had the highest among EU26. In the scenario where no country would exceed the current EU mean, 2,868 (95% CI: 1,522, 4,060; 43%) annual attributable bladder cancer cases could potentially be avoided. DISCUSSION: Efforts have been made to reduce THM levels in the European Union. However, assuming a causal association, current levels in certain countries still could lead to a considerable burden of bladder cancer that could potentially be avoided by optimizing water treatment, disinfection, and distribution practices, among other possible measures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4495.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
- čištění vody MeSH
- Evropská unie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory močového měchýře epidemiologie MeSH
- pitná voda chemie MeSH
- trihalomethany * MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore lung cancer risk among firefighters, with adjustment for smoking. METHODS: We used pooled information from the SYNERGY project including 14 case-control studies conducted in Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and China, with lifetime work histories and smoking habits for 14,748 cases of lung cancer and 17,543 controls. We estimated odds ratios by unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for smoking and having ever been employed in a job known to present an excess risk of lung cancer. RESULTS: There was no increased lung cancer risk overall or by specific cell type among firefighters (n = 190), neither before nor after smoking adjustment. We observed no significant exposure-response relationship in terms of work duration. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of an excess lung cancer risk related to occupational exposure as a firefighter.
- MeSH
- hasiči * MeSH
- kouření MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic epidemiologie MeSH
- nemoci z povolání epidemiologie MeSH
- odds ratio MeSH
- pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Čína MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Kanada MeSH
- Nový Zéland MeSH
Účel přehledu: Předpokládá se, že za globální zvýšení výskytu astmatu by mohlo odpovídat zvyšování čistoty, zmenšování rodin a následné snižování mikrobiální expozice. Tento přehledový článek předkládá současné důkazy svědčící pro tuto „hygienickou hypotézu“ i proti ní. Nové poznatky: Současné poznatky hygienickou hypotézu nepodporují zcela jednoznačně: hygienická hypotéza se týká zvláště atopického astmatu, nicméně některé ochranné účinky (např. expozice zemědělskému prostředí) se zřejmě uplatňují jak u atopického, tak u neatopického astmatu; výskyt astmatu začal v některých západních zemích klesat, ale máme jen málo důkazů toho, že by se čistota těchto zemí zhoršila; v latinskoamerických zemích s vysokým výskytem infekcí je vysoký výskyt astmatu; hygienická hypotéza se vztahuje k expozici v raném věku, nicméně důležitá může být expozice během celého života. Souhrn: K dispozici je značné množství důkazů, které nás opravňují ke skepsi ohledně hygienické hypotézy. Tyto odchylky jsou však v rozporu s „úzkou“ verzí hypotézy, podle níž mikrobiální tlak v raném věku chrání před atopickým astmatem supresí odpovědi typu Th2. Je možné, že obecnější verze hygienické hypotézy je stále platná, ale etiologické mechanismy zatím nejsou jasné.
