IMPORTANCE: Approximately 7% to 30% of children contend with handwriting issues (HIs) in their school years. However, research studies to define and quantify HIs, as well as practical assessment tools, are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the validity and reliability of two screening scales for HIs: the Handwriting Legibility Scale (HLS) and the Concise Assessment Scale of Children's Handwriting (BHK). DESIGN: Structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of five different models were used to examine the construct and discriminant validity of both scales. Furthermore, internal consistency and interrater agreement were evaluated. The association among scales, grades, and children's self-evaluation was also explored. SETTING: Elementary schools and state counseling centers in the Czech Republic. PARTICIPANTS: On a voluntary basis, 161 children from elementary schools and state counseling centers in the Czech Republic were enrolled. The variable of children with typical handwriting development versus HIs was missing for 11 children. Thus, for discriminant validity analysis, 150 data records from children were used. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The HLS and BHK were used to evaluate the handwriting quality of the transcription task. The Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaires for Children was used for children's self-evaluation. RESULTS: The study confirmed the validity and reliability of the shortened BHK and HLS. A strong relationship was found between the BHK and HLS, grades, and children's self-evaluation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Both scales are recommended for occupational therapy practice worldwide. Further research should focus on developing standards and providing sensitivity studies. What This Article Adds: Both the HLS and the BHK are recommended for occupational therapy practice. Practitioners should also take the child's well-being into consideration in handwriting quality assessment.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• ergoterapie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psaní rukou * MeSH
• psychometrie MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Cognitive styles are commonly studied constructs in cognitive psychology. The theory of field dependence-independence was one of the most important cognitive styles. Yet in the past, its measurement had significant shortcomings in validity and reliability. The theory of analytic and holistic cognitive styles attempted to extend this theory and overcome its shortcomings. Unfortunately, the psychometric properties of its measurement methods were not properly verified. Furthermore, new statistical approaches, such as analysis of reaction times, have been overlooked by current research. The aim of this pre-registered study was to verify the psychometric properties (i.e., factor structure, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity with intelligence and personality, and divergent, concurrent and predictive validity) of several methods routinely applied in the field. We developed/adapted six methods based on self-report questionnaires, rod-and-frame principles, embedded figures, and hierarchical figures. The analysis was conducted on 392 Czech participants, with two data collection waves. The results indicate that the use of methods based on the rod-and-frame principle may be unreliable, demonstrating no absence of association with intelligence. The use of embedded and hierarchical figures is recommended. The self-report questionnaire used in this study showed an unsatisfactory factor structure and also cannot be recommended without futher validation on independent samples. The findings also did not correspond with the original two-dimensional theory.

• MeSH
• inteligence MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myšlení * MeSH
• osobnost * MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cíle. Cílem studie bylo ověřit psychometrické vlastnosti české verze Škály prožívané naděje(Perceived Hope Scale, PHS). Soubor a procedura. Škálu spolu s dalšími metodami měřícími několik souvisejících konstruktů vyplnily tři soubory respondentů ve věku od 18 do 80 let. Celkově bylo do výzkumu zahrnuto 2396 respondentů. Statistické analýzy. Pro ověření vnitřní konzistence byly použity koeficienty reliability Cronbachovo alfa a McDonaldovo omega. Faktorová struktura škály a její diskriminační validita byly ověřovány pomocí konfirmační faktorové analýzy. Výsledky. Škála PHS vykazovala adekvátní reliabilitu a konstruktovou, konvergentní a diskriminační validitu. Faktorové náboje všech položek škály PHS u hlavního faktoru byly vyšší než 0,70. Celkový skór PHS významně negativně koreloval s intenzitou depresivních a úzkostných příznaků měřených dotazníkem PHQ-4 (r = -0,55). Silný vztah byl nalezen především mezi skórem PHS a mírou optimismu měřeného dotazníkem LOT-R (r = 0,72). Česká verze Škály prožívané naděje tedy vykázala adekvátní psychometrické vlastnosti a lze ji doporučit pro další využití ve výzkumech na dospělé populaci. Omezení studie. Hlavním omezením studie byla skutečnost, že se výzkumné soubory skládaly převážně z účastníků ženského pohlaví a osob s vyšší úrovní vzdělání. Nezaměstnaní, rozvedení a ovdovělí jedinci a osoby starší 50 let nebyli dostatečně zastoupeni.

Objectives. The study focuses on psychometric properties of the Czech version of The Perceived Hope Scale (PHS). Subjects and settings. The scale, along with measures of several related constructs was completed by three samples of respondents aged between 18 and 80 years. A total of 2,396 respondents participated in the research. Statistical analysis. Cronbach's alpha and Mc- Donald's omega reliability coefficients were used for reliability estimation. The factor structure of the scale and its discriminant validity were tested through confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity of PHS with other measures was assessed using correlation analysis. Results. The PHS scale showed adequate reliability and construct, convergent and discriminatory validity. Loadings of PHS items on the main factor were all above .70. The PHS total score significantly negatively correlated with the intensity of symptoms of anxiety and depression measured by PHQ-4 (r = -.55). A strong association was found especially between the PHS score and optimism measured by LOTR (Pearson r = .72). The Czech version of the Perceived Hope Scale thus showed adequate psychometric properties and can be recommended for further use in the adult population. Limitations. A major limitation of the study is that samples consisted of predominantly female participants and those with a higher level of education. Unemployed, divorced and widowed individuals or individuals older than 50 years were not sufficiently represented.

• MeSH
• faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
• korelace dat MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naděje klasifikace   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• psychometrie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Flowered coatings composed by ZnO crystals were successfully electrodeposited on Zn-Mg alloys. The distinct coatings morphologies were found to be dependent upon the solid interfaces distribution, with the smaller number of bigger flowers (ø 46μm) obtained on Zn-Mg alloy containing 1wt.% Mg (Zn-1Mg) contrasting with the higher number of smaller flowers (ø 38μm) achieved on Zn-Mg alloy with 2wt.% Mg (Zn-2Mg). To assess the in vitro behaviour of these novel resorbable materials, a detailed evaluation of the degradation behaviour, in simulated physiological conditions, was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The opposite behaviours observed in the corrosion resistances resulted in the build-up of distinct corrosion layers. The products forming these layers, preferentially detected at the flowers, were identified and their spatial distribution disclosed by EDS and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The presence of smithsonite, simonkolleite, hydrozincite, skorpionite and hydroxyapatite were assigned to both corrosion layers. However the distinct spatial distributions depicted may impact the biocompatibility of these resorbable materials, with the bone analogue compounds (hydroxyapatite and skorpionite) depicted in-between the ZnO crystals and on the top corrosion layer of Zn-1Mg flowers clearly contrasting with the hindered layer formed at the interface of the substrate with the flowers on Zn-2Mg.

• MeSH
• biokompatibilní potahované materiály chemie   MeSH
• hořčík chemie   MeSH
• impedanční spektroskopie MeSH
• koroze MeSH
• oxid zinečnatý chemie   MeSH
• pokovování galvanické MeSH
• Ramanova spektroskopie MeSH
• slitiny chemie   MeSH
• spektrometrie rentgenová emisní MeSH
• zinek chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH