Pharmaceuticals occur in water bodies as a consequence of their incomplete removal during waste water treatment processes. The occurence of pharmaceuticals in surface waters as well as their possible impact on aquatic vertebrates have received considerable attention in recent years. However, there is still a lack of informations on the chronic effects of widely used drugs as well as their possible mixture toxicity on non-target aquatic vertebrates as well as their possible mixture toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of naproxen sodium on early life stages of fish and evaluate its mixture toxicity with tramadol hydrochloride, which was assessed in our earlier study as a single substance. Two embryo-larval toxicity tests with common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were performed according to the OECD guideline 210 (Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test) in order to assess the subchronic toxicity of naproxen sodium and tramadol hydrochlorid-naproxen sodium mixture at the concentrations of 10; 50; 100 and 200 μg/L. These experiments were conducted for 32 days. The subchronic exposure to naproxen sodium and naproxen sodium and tramadol hydrochloride mixture had a strong effect on the early life stages of common carp. Hatching, developmental rate, morphology, histopathology and, in the case of the naproxen sodium and tramadol hydrochloride mixture, mortality were influenced. The bioindicators of oxidative stress were also influenced. The LOEC was determined at 10 μg/L for both naproxen sodium and naproxen sodium and tramadol hydrochloride mixture.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- kapři růst a vývoj MeSH
- larva účinky léků MeSH
- naproxen toxicita MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- tramadol toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Despite the fact that pharmaceuticals occur in surface water in low concentrations, they can still have adverse effect on aquatic biota, because these substances are designed to have a specific mode of action even at low concentrations. To our knowledge, only little is known about the long-term effect of tricyclic antidepressant residues on non-target animals, especially fish. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of subchronic exposure to selected tricyclic antidepressants - namely, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and clomipramine and their mixture - on early-life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Two embryo-larval toxicity tests with common carp were performed, each taking 30 days. For the experiment, three tricyclic antidepressants as well as their mixtures were tested at three different concentrations - 10, 100 and 500 μg/L. Hatching and mortality were recorded twice a day. In addition, samples were taken at regular intervals in order to record developmental stage, morphometric and condition characteristics and morphological anomalies. At the end of the test, additional samples were taken for histopathological examination and also for the determination of antioxidant and biotransformation enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. Long-term exposure resulted in a significant increase in mortality, developmental retardation, morphological anomalies, and pathological changes in brain, heart, and cranial and caudal kidney. In addition, changes in antioxidant enzyme activity as well as increased lipid peroxidation were observed, even at the lowest tested concentrations. Hence, environmentally relevant concentrations of TCAs have the potential to cause harmful effects on early-life stages of fish.
- MeSH
- antidepresiva tricyklická metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- embryo nesavčí účinky léků MeSH
- kapři fyziologie MeSH
- larva účinky léků MeSH
- peroxidace lipidů účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The aim of this study was to perform the fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the early-life stage toxicity test on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with tramadol hydrochloride. The FET was performed using the method inspired by the OECD guideline 236. Newly fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed to tramadol hydrochloride at concentrations of 10; 50; 100 and 200μg/l for a period of 144h. An embryo-larval toxicity test on C. carpio was performed according to OECD guideline 210 also with tramadol hydrochloride at concentrations 10; 50; 100 and 200μg/l for a period of 32 days. Hatching was significantly influenced in both acute and subchronic toxicity assays. Subchronic exposure also influenced early ontogeny, both morphometric and condition characteristics and caused changes in antioxidant enzyme activity. The LOEC value was found to be 10μg/l tramadol hydrochloride.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- dánio pruhované embryologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- embryo nesavčí účinky léků MeSH
- embryonální vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- kapři růst a vývoj MeSH
- testy akutní toxicity MeSH
- tramadol toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The authors performed a toxicity test with ciprofloxacin in fertilized eggs of common carp according to guideline 210 of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The tested concentrations were 1 μg L(-1) , 100 μg L(-1) , 500 μg L(-1) , 1000 μg L(-1) , and 3000 μg L(-1) . Accelerated hatching was found in all groups exposed to ciprofloxacin, but significant growth reduction was found only in the group exposed to the highest concentration (3000 μg L(-1) ). Increased numbers of macroscopic morphological anomalies were observed on day 6 of the test (after hatching). The highest numbers of macroscopic morphological anomalies were observed in the groups of free embryos and larvae exposed to ciprofloxacin concentrations of 100 μg L(-1) , 500 μg L(-1) , 1000 μg L(-1) , and 3000 μg L(-1) (20-23% of tested samples). A gradual decrease in glutathione S-transferase activity was detected in all experimental groups exposed to ciprofloxacin, but significant differences (p < 0.01) were found only in groups treated with 500 μg L(-1) and 3000 μg L(-1) . Glutathione peroxidase and catalase exhibited increased activity in most of the tested concentrations (p < 0.01 and <0.05, respectively), whereas decreased glutathione reductase activity was found in the groups exposed to ciprofloxacin concentrations of 500 μg L(-1) and 3000 μg L(-1) (p < 0.05). The concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in all experimental groups exposed to ciprofloxacin. The lowest-observed-effect concentration of ciprofloxacin was 1 μg L(-1) . These results suggest that hatching, early ontogeny, occurrence of morphological anomalies, antioxidant and biotransformation enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation in fish can be affected by ciprofloxacin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1733-1740. © 2015 SETAC.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- ciprofloxacin toxicita MeSH
- embryo nesavčí abnormality účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa metabolismus MeSH
- kapři embryologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- katalasa metabolismus MeSH
- larva MeSH
- látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- peroxidace lipidů účinky léků MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the subchronic exposure of early stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to norfloxacin using morphometric data and oxidative stress parameters. METHODS: A subchronic toxicity test was performed on fertilized embryos of common carp according to the OECD Guidelines No. 210. Embryos were exposed to norfloxacin concentrations of 0.0001 (environmental), 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg.L(-1) for 34 days. RESULTS: At the end of the test (day 34), significant (p<0.05) stimulation of development was observed in all experimental groups, in contrast to the control. Significantly greater (p<0.01) total body length was also observed in the group exposed to 10.0 mg.L(-1) of norfloxacin compared to the control. A significant increase in the activity of glutathione S-transferase in all carp exposed to norfloxacin concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 mg.L(-1) (p<0.01), and 5.0 mg.L(-1) (p<0.05) compared to control group was revealed. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was significantly lower (p<0.01) in experimental carp exposed to a norfloxacin concentration of 10.0 mg.L(-1). In experimental carp exposed to a norfloxacin concentration of 0.0001 mg.L(-1), a significant increase (p<0.05) in glutathione reductase activity was found. Significant (p<0.01) decreases in the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the groups exposed to norfloxacin concentrations of 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg.L(-1) were revealed. CONCLUSION: From the results, we can conclude that norfloxacin has a negative impact on selected biochemical processes related to the production of reactive oxygen species in early-life stages of common carp.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky toxicita MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- embryo nesavčí účinky léků MeSH
- fluorochinolony toxicita MeSH
- glutathionperoxidasa účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- glutathionreduktasa účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- kapři embryologie MeSH
- látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou MeSH
- norfloxacin toxicita MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- testy subchronické toxicity MeSH
- velikost těla účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Environmental concentrations of pharmaceutical residues are often low; nevertheless, they are designed to have biological effects at low doses. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of salicylic acid on the growth and development of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) early life stages with respect to antioxidant defence enzymes. An embryo-larval toxicity test lasting 34 days was performed according to OECD guidelines 210 (Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test). The tested concentrations were 0.004, 0.04, 0.4, 4 and 20mg/l of salicylic acid. Hatching, early ontogeny, and both morphometric and condition characteristics were significantly influenced by subchronic exposure to salicylic acid. Also, changes in antioxidant enzyme activity and an increase in lipid peroxidation were observed. The LOEC value was found to be 0.004 mg/l salicylic acid. The results of our study confirm the suggestion that subchronic exposure to salicylic acid at environmental concentrations can have significant effects on aquatic vertebrates.
Ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment results in concern about potential adverse the effects on nontarget organisms. In water, drugs are present in complex mixtures, in which complicated interactions affect toxicity of single components. The purpose of this study was to examine effect of 35-day-long exposure to mixture of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine on the mortality, growth, early ontogeny, and histopathological changes in tench (Tinca tinca). Early life stage toxicity test was carried out using a modified protocol according to OECD guideline 210. Exposure to mixture of pharmaceuticals at concentration of 60 μg · L(-1) for each substance was associated with significant increase in mortality, as well as significant increase in growth and elevated incidence of malformations. Any of the tested concentrations resulted in histopathological changes of liver, kidney, skin, or gill. After fourteen days of exposure there was short-term delay of development related to increased concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the mixture (2, 20, and 60 μg · L(-1)). Environmentally relevant concentrations (0.02; and 0.2 μg · L(-1)) used in this experiment did not result in toxic impairment of tench.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- Cyprinidae růst a vývoj MeSH
- diklofenak toxicita MeSH
- karbamazepin toxicita MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- vodní organismy účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Diclofenac residues have been found in surface water, and thus could present a potential risk to aquatic species. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of diclofenac on the mortality, growth, and development of fish, as well as the impact of the drug on histological changes and selected parameters of oxidative stress in the fish. Subchronic toxic effects of diclofenac at concentrations of 0.015, 0.03, 1, and 3mg/L on embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during a 30-day toxicity test under experimental conditions. Exposure to diclofenac at 3mg/L was associated with increased mortality, increased activity of glutathione S-transferase, and decreased activity of glutathione reductase. Decreases in the levels of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances were associated with concentrations ≥ 0.03 mg/L. Based on these results a no observed effect concentration (NOEC)=0.015 mg/L and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC)=0.03 mg/L were generated.
- MeSH
- antiflogistika nesteroidní toxicita MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- dávka bez pozorovaného nepříznivého účinku MeSH
- diklofenak toxicita MeSH
- glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- glutathionreduktasa metabolismus MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa metabolismus MeSH
- játra anatomie a histologie účinky léků MeSH
- kapři * embryologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- kůže anatomie a histologie účinky léků MeSH
- látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost účinky léků MeSH
- žábry anatomie a histologie účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Atrazine and its chloro-s-triazine metabolites are found in surface water and groundwater of the Czech Republic, although their use has been banned since 2005. The objective of the study was to determine the toxic effects of atrazine at an environmentally relevant concentration of atrazine, 0.3 μg.L-1 and at concentrations of 30, 100, and 300 μg.L-1 on morphometric and condition characteristics, development of early life stages, and antioxidant defense enzymes of common carp. METHODS: The embryo-larval toxicity test was performed according to the OECD Guidelines 210 (Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test). RESULTS: Atrazine exposure showed no effect on morphometric and condition characteristics or histology. Exposure at 0.3 μg.L-1 was associated with significantly increased activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase compared to control. Activity of glutathione reductase was slightly higher at a concentration of 0.3 μg.L-1, with significantly lower (p<0.05) activity observed in groups exposed to 30, 100, and 300 μg.L-1 compared to the group exposed to 0.3 μg.L-1. The level of oxidized lipids was slightly higher in groups exposed to atrazine at 100 and 300 μg.L-1 compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Atrazine has a significant influence on the biotransformation enzyme and oxidative defense enzymes of early life stages of common carp. The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 0.3 μg.L-1.
- MeSH
- atrazin toxicita MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- glutathionreduktasa metabolismus MeSH
- herbicidy toxicita MeSH
- kapři růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- katalasa metabolismus MeSH
- látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus MeSH
- mortalita MeSH
- peroxidace lipidů účinky léků MeSH
- stadia vývoje účinky léků MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
