To understand which morphological/anatomical parts may be responsible in artiodactyl ungulates for the clicking sound made when moving, this research focuses on the forelimb tendon apparatus where an undescribed opening in the fibrous cuff (manica flexoria), called hereafter for its shape as an "oval window" in the manica flexoria (OWMF), was detected. This oval window was found in 24 of the 25 species of four families (Camelidae, Giraffidae, Cervidae, and Bovidae) evaluated; the exception being in Bos taurus taurus (Domestic cattle). The length and width of the OWMF enabled correct species discrimination between the majority of species, but remained conservative intraspecifically, as it did not differ between the left and right side of the forelimb, third and fourth digits, or between sexes. When evaluating the shape of OWMF in individual species, and measuring its length and width, 18 out of the 24 species investigated had this window as an oval shape, the remaining 25% of species exhibited more oval-oblong shapes with either proximal or distal asymmetry. The function of the OWMF in the thoracic autopodium of most ruminant even-toed ungulates is not yet fully understood. Its most likely function is to help balance the pressure inside the ligament cuff and reduce the friction of the touching surfaces of the muscle tendons-thus facilitating the movement of the digits when walking. None of the absolute or relative OWMF parameters fit exclusively with the occurrence and distribution of knee-clicks produced by some bovids and cervids during movement, so the mechanism responsible for this sound remains cryptic from the present anatomical perspective.
- MeSH
- Artiodactyla * MeSH
- horní končetina MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligamenta MeSH
- přední končetina MeSH
- skot MeSH
- šlachy MeSH
- vysoká zvěř * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Reptiles exhibit a large heterogeneity in teeth morphology. The main variability comprises the different tooth shape, the type of tooth attachment to the underlying bone, or the ability to replace the teeth. FINDINGS: Here, we provide full datasets of microtomography scans and 3D models of reptilian dentitions and skulls. We selected representative species for each of 9 reptilian families on the basis of their characteristic dental features. Because there are ≥4 different types of tooth-bone attachments, ranging from the mammalian-like thecodont attachment found in crocodilians to the simple acrodont implantation observed in some lizards, we aimed to evaluate species with different types of tooth-bone attachments. Moreover, another interesting feature varying in reptilian species is the complexity of tooth shape or the number of tooth generations, which can be associated with the type of tooth attachment to the jawbone. Therefore, selected model species also include animals with distinct tooth morphology along the jaw or different number of tooth generations. The development of tooth attachment and relationship of the tooth to the jaw can be further analysed in detail on a large collection of pre-hatching stages of chameleon. Next, we introduce different possibilities for how these datasets can be further used to study tooth-bone relationships or tooth morphology in 3D space. Moreover, these datasets can be valuable for additional morphological and morphometric analyses of reptilian skulls or their individually segmented skeletal elements. CONCLUSIONS: Our collection of microcomputed tomography scans can bring new insight into dental or skeletal research. The broad selection of reptilian species, together with their unique dental features and high quality of these scans including complete series of developmental stages of our model species and provide large opportunities for their reuse. Scans can be further used for virtual reality, 3D printing, or in education.
- MeSH
- dentice MeSH
- ještěři * anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lebka anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rentgenová mikrotomografie MeSH
- savci MeSH
- zuby * anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The captive bolt device has been used for stunning cattle at abattoirs for more than 100 years and is now one of the stunning devices used most widely. The aim of this review article was to assess the effects that are decisive during cattle slaughter on the quality of stunning with the use of a captive bolt stunning device. The basis of effective stunning is the use of a suitable type of device, with the speed of the bolt and the kinetic energy corresponding to the anatomical parameters of the slaughtered animal. The importance of the regular cleaning and maintenance of stunning devices and monitoring of the effectiveness of stunning goes without saying. The immediate loss of sensibility in the animal must occur after the first shot. The effectiveness of the stunning process can be quantified by regular monitoring of the behavior of animals after stunning with an emphasis on the loss of reflexes (corneal reflex, regular breathing, attempts to regain physiological posture) and checks on the shot location on the skulls of slaughtered animals.
- MeSH
- bezvědomí veterinární MeSH
- chov zvířat přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- jatka * MeSH
- pohoda zvířat * MeSH
- reflex MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
This study describes the facial pillar system in dolichocephalic and brachycephalic breeds of dogs, and highlights its differences. Knowledge of facial pillar system anatomy is imperative to carry out successful fracture repair. The aim of our study was to describe the pillar system of the facial skeleton in dogs, and compare different shapes of dog skulls using native skulls, radiographs and computed tomography (CT). The heads of brachycephalic and dolichocephalic dogs were investigated following a maceration process using trans-illumination, radiography and CT. Ground sections were created from bones of the facial skeleton for investigation of osteon directions. This study has revealed that the facial skeleton of the dog has numerous sinuses supported by vertically and horizontally oriented bone pillars. These pillars can be divided into five principal regions in dolichocephalic skulls and six principal regions in brachycephalic skulls. Radiographic imaging of both the brachiocephalic and dolichocephalic skulls was not capable of discerning bone pillars. Computed tomography transverse and horizontal section images discerned all pillars observed in the illuminated skulls.
Kosterní pozůstatky zvířat z archeologických výzkumů středověkých lokalit tvoří soubory kostí a fragmentů. Na archeo-oste - - ologickém pracovišti Ústav anatomie, histologie a embryologie Fakulty veterinárního lékařství Veterinární a farmaceutické univerzity Brno jsou tyto soubory hodnoceny a výsledky porovnávány s dostupnými literárními prameny. Ve spolupráci s archeology jsou výsledky uváděny do souvislosti s ostatními nálezy. Naše práce se zaměřuje na hodnocení kostí a fragmentů, které tvoří kuchyňský odpad, tedy kosti se stopami kulinárního opracování. Pro jejich úspěšné určení je mnohdy významný i nález canalis nutricius na fragmentech diafýz dlouhých kostí. Rozdělení kostí dle „kvality“ masa na kategorie A, B a C umožnilo prokázat rozdíl ve složení masité stravy na panských sídlech a vesnick - ých usedlostech či v podhradí. Největší podíl v souborech tvoří často kosti skotu (až 56 %). Chov tohoto druhu byl oblíben nejen pro maso, ale i další možnosti využití. Naopak kosti malých přežvýkavců (ovce a kozy) byly v souborech zastoupeny maximálně do 17 % z důvodu omezené užitkovosti těchto zvířat. Rovněž kosti prasat tvořily menší podíl, zpravidla ne více než 10–30 %. Spotřeba vepřového masa odpovídá způsobu středověkého chovu prasat, zvířat s jednostranným využitím. Koňské kosti se stopami kuchyňského opracování tvořily jen malý podíl (nejčastěji do 4 %). Jen výjimečně byl jejich počet vyšší a to v souvislosti se specifickou situací ve studované lokalitě. Dělení kostí (nejčastěji sekáním) ukazuje na způsob řeznického a kuchyňského zpracování masa poražených zvířat. Všechny tyto výsledky jsou důležitým zdrojem informací o masité složce stravy středověké populace v různých sociálních prostředích
Animal skeletal remains from archaeological research of medieval localities create collections of bones and fragments. These col - lections are evaluated in archaeo-osteological detachment of Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno. Results are compared with accessible literary sources and in cooperation with archaeologists are correlated to other findings. This paper is focused on bones and fragments which create the kitchen waste. Successful determination can be notably sup - ported by finding of canalis nutricius on diaphysis of long bones. By the help of dividing bones into categories (A, B, C) according to “worth” of meat was facilitated documentation of differences in consum - mation of meat in aristocratic seats and rustic houses. The highest share was very often formed by cattle bones (up to 56 %). Breeding of this animal species was favourite not only for its meat but also for other possibilities of utilization. On contrary bones of small ruminants (sheep and goat) were presented only in smaller amount (up to 17 %) on the ground of their limited utility. Also participation of pig bones was lower (not more than 10–30 %). This rate of usage of pork meat is in accordance with the level of medieval breeding of pigs – animals with one-side usage. Only small parts of findings (up to 4 %) were formed by horse bones with trace of culinary processing. Higher number was very rare and always related to specific situation in the locality under study. Cutting of bones (mostly by chopping) shows the way of slaughter and culinary processing of meat. All these results are considered to be an important source of information about meaty component of food of medieval population in various social rank.
- MeSH
- archeologie dějiny metody MeSH
- dějiny středověku * MeSH
- dietní záliby MeSH
- fyziologie výživy * MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata MeSH
- koně MeSH
- kosti a kostní tkáň * anatomie a histologie MeSH
- kozy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ovce MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- ptáci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny středověku * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- historické články MeSH
