Ionic liquids are increasingly used for their superior properties. Four water-immiscible ionic liquids (butyltriethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, octyltriethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, dodecyltriethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and their water miscible precursors (bromides) were synthesized in a microwave reactor and by conventional heating. The best conditions for microwave-assisted synthesis concerning the yield and the purity of the product are proposed. The heating in the microwave reactor significantly shortened the reaction time. Biocide and ecotoxic effects of synthesized ionic liquids and their precursors were investigated. All tested compounds had at least a little effect on the growth or living of microorganisms (bacteria or mold). The precursor dodecyltriethylammonium bromide was found to be the strongest biocide, but posed a risk to the aquatic environment due to its relatively high EC50 value in the test with Vibrio fischeri. We assumed that apart from the alkyl chain length, the solubility in water, duration of action, or type of anion can influence the final biocide and ecotoxic effect.
- MeSH
- Aliivibrio fischeri účinky léků MeSH
- amoniové sloučeniny chemie MeSH
- antibakteriální látky chemická syntéza farmakologie MeSH
- antifungální látky chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- ekotoxikologie metody MeSH
- imidazoly chemie MeSH
- iontové kapaliny chemická syntéza farmakologie MeSH
- kvartérní amoniové sloučeniny chemická syntéza farmakologie MeSH
- mikrovlny MeSH
- preklinické hodnocení léčiv metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Organic friction materials are standardly used in brakes of small planes, railroad vehicles, trucks and passenger cars. The growing transportation sector requires a better understanding of the negative impact related to the release of potentially hazardous materials into the environment. This includes brakes which can release enormous quantities of wear particulates. This paper addresses in vitro detection of toxic and mutagenic potency of one model and two commercially available low-metallic automotive brake pads used in passenger cars sold in the EU market. The model pad made in the laboratory was also subjected to a standardized brake dynamometer test and the generated non-airborne wear particles were also investigated. Qualitative "organic composition" was determined by GC/MS screening of dichloromethane extracts. Acute toxicity and mutagenicity of four investigated sample types were assessed in vitro by bioluminescence assay using marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and by two bacterial bioassays i) Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium His(-) and ii) SOS Chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37 strain. Screening of organic composition revealed a high variety of organic compounds present in the initial brake pads and also in the generated non-airborne wear debris. Several detected compounds are classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans, e. g. benzene derivatives. Acute toxicity bioassay revealed a response of bacterial cells after exposure to all samples used. Phenolic resin and wear debris were found to be acutely toxic; however in term of mutagenicity the response was negative. All non-friction exposed brake pad samples (a model pad and two commercial pad samples) were mutagenic with metabolic activation in vitro.
- MeSH
- automobily MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků genetika MeSH
- fenoly toxicita MeSH
- formaldehyd toxicita MeSH
- karcinogeny MeSH
- kovy chemie toxicita MeSH
- mutageny MeSH
- organické látky chemie toxicita MeSH
- pevné částice toxicita MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
- polymery toxicita MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium účinky léků genetika MeSH
- testy genotoxicity MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Use of fungal organisms in rotating biological contactors (RBC) for bioremediation of liquid industrial wastes has so far been limited in spite of their significant biodegradation potential. The purpose was to investigate the power of RBC using Irpex lacteus for decolorization and detoxification of industrial dyes and dyeing textile liquors. Recalcitrant dye Methylene Blue (150 mg L(-1)) was decolorized within 70 days, its mutagenicity removed, and the biological toxicity decreased more than 10-fold. I. lacteus biofilm in the RBC completely decolorized within 26 and 47 days dyeing liquors containing disperse or reactive dyes adjusted to pH4.5 and 5-fold diluted with the growth medium, respectively. Their respective biological toxicity values were reduced 10- to 10(4)-fold in dependence of the test used. A battery of toxicity tests comprising Vibrio fisheri, Lemna minor and Sinapis alba was efficient to monitor the toxicity of textile dyes and wastewaters. Strong decolorization and detoxification power of RBC using I. lacteus biofilms was demonstrated.
- MeSH
- Aliivibrio fischeri účinky léků MeSH
- Araceae účinky léků MeSH
- barva MeSH
- barvicí látky metabolismus MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- bioreaktory MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus MeSH
- Magnoliopsida účinky léků MeSH
- methylenová modř metabolismus MeSH
- odpad tekutý - odstraňování přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- odpadní voda * toxicita MeSH
- Polyporales metabolismus MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- textilní průmysl MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- PAU, Vibrio fisheri, toxicita,
- MeSH
- Aliivibrio fischeri fyziologie MeSH
- Bacteria MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch analýza škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- luminiscence MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- pevné částice MeSH
- počasí MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * analýza klasifikace normy toxicita MeSH
- prach MeSH
- těžké kovy normy toxicita MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší * analýza škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
