Článek popisuje zdroje šedé vody a její kvalitu po stránce fyzikální, chemické a mikrobiologické. Popisuje způsoby nepitného užití vyčištěné šedé vody v budovách a s nimi spojené expoziční cesty nákazy. Charakterizuje možná zdravotní rizika při ingesci, inhalaci a dermálním kontaktu. Závěrem jsou diskutována potřebná opatření k ochraně veřejného zdraví, která v ČR dosud chybí. Jako nejvhodnější se jeví kombinace požadavků na kvalitu vyčištěné vody pro různé způsoby užití s požadavky na účinnost technologie čištění ve smyslu logaritmické redukce referenčních patogenů a doporučení uživatelům ohledně bezpečného chování při užití této vody.
The paper describes the sources of greywater and its physical, chemical, and microbiological quality. The list of different non-potable uses of treated greywater in buildings and related exposure pathways of infections are provided. Possible health risks stemmed from ingestion, inhalation or dermal contact are characterised. Finally, required measures needed to protect public health, which have been missing in Czechia so far, are discussed. A combination of water quality standards for different ways of use, requirements for log reduction of reference pathogens of treatment technologies, and recommendations for end-users on safety behaviour seems to be the most efficient approach.
- Klíčová slova
- šedá voda, recyklace vody,
- MeSH
- čištění vody MeSH
- environmentální zdraví MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kvalita vody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odpadní voda * analýza toxicita MeSH
- recyklace MeSH
- zásobování vodou MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Health care facilities and hospitals generate significant amounts of wastewater which are released into the sewage system, either after a preliminary treatment or without any further treatment. Hospital wastewater may contain large amounts of hazardous chemicals and pharmaceuticals, some of which cannot be eliminated entirely by wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, hospital effluents may be loaded with a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms or other microbiota and microbiome residues. The need to monitor hospital effluents for their genotoxic hazard is of high importance, as detailed information is scarce. DNA-based information can be acquired directly from samples through the application of various molecular methods, while cell-based biomonitoring assays can provide important information about impaired cellular pathways or mechanisms of toxicity without prior knowledge of the identity of each toxicant. In our study, we evaluated samples of chlorinated hospital wastewater discharged into the sewage system after this disinfection process. The assessment of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the hospital effluents was performed in vitro by using a broad battery of biomonitoring assays that are relevant for human health effects. All the tested hospital wastewater samples could be classified as potentially genotoxic, and it is concluded that the microbiota present in hospital wastewater might contribute to this genotoxic potential.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- odpadní voda * toxicita MeSH
- poškození DNA MeSH
- testy genotoxicity MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test was adopted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as OECD TG 236 in 2013. The test has been designed to determine acute toxicity of chemicals on embryonic stages of fish and proposed as an alternative method to the Fish Acute Toxicity Test performed according to OECD TG 203. In recent years fish embryos were used not only in the assessment of toxicity of chemicals but also for environmental and wastewater samples. In our study we investigated the acute toxicity of treated wastewater from seven hospitals in the Czech Republic. Our main purpose was to compare the suitability and sensitivity of zebrafish embryos with the sensitivity of two other aquatic organisms commonly used for wastewater testing - Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri. For the aim of this study, in addition to the lethal endpoints of the FET test, sublethal effects such as delayed heartbeat, lack of blood circulation, pericardial and yolk sac edema, spinal curvature and pigmentation failures were evaluated. The comparison of three species demonstrated that the sensitivity of zebrafish embryos is comparable or in some cases higher than the sensitivity of D. magna and A. fischeri. The inclusion of sublethal endpoints caused statistically significant increase of the FET test efficiency in the range of 1-12 %. Based on our results, the FET test, especially with the addition of sublethal effects evaluation, can be considered as a sufficiently sensitive and useful additional tool for ecotoxicity testing of the acute toxicity potential of hospital effluents.
- MeSH
- Aliivibrio fischeri účinky léků MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- dánio pruhované embryologie MeSH
- Daphnia účinky léků MeSH
- embryo nesavčí účinky léků MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- nemocnice * MeSH
- odpadní voda toxicita MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- testy akutní toxicity * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine toxicity of wastewater from hospitals in the Czech Republic using traditional and alternative toxicological methods. The pilot study comprised weekly dynamics of sewage ecotoxicity of treated wastewater from one hospital in two different seasons. A detailed investigation of wastewater ecotoxicity, genotoxicity and reprotoxicity followed in five different hospitals. METHODS: The seven following bioassays were used in this study: algal growth inhibition test (ISO 8692), Vibrio fischeri test (ISO 11348-2), Daphnia magna acute toxicity test (ISO 6341), Allium cepa assay, Ames test (OECD TG 471), Comet assay and YES/YAS assay. RESULTS: The wastewater ecotoxicity during one week showed no differences in separate working days, however, higher toxicity values were recorded in May compared to November. In the following study, samples from two of the five hospitals were classified as toxic, the others as non toxic. Genotoxicity has not been confirmed in any sample. In several cases, wastewater samples exhibited agonist activity to the estrogen and androgen receptors. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated different levels of toxicity of treated hospital wastewater. Variable sensitivity of individual bioassays for tested wastewater samples was recognized. A more extensive study including proposal for improvement of hospital wastewater treatment within the Czech Republic can be recommended with the aim to decrease the discharge of toxic chemicals into the local sewage system and the environment.
- MeSH
- Aliivibrio fischeri fyziologie MeSH
- biotest metody MeSH
- česneky fyziologie MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza toxicita MeSH
- Chlorophyceae fyziologie MeSH
- Daphnia fyziologie MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- odpadní voda analýza toxicita MeSH
- odstraňování zdravotnického odpadu MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Vast numbers of xenobiotics are known still to be present in treated municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. Some of these possess endocrine-disrupting potency and pose risks for exposed aquatic animals. We searched for 17 potential environmental contaminants having affinity to the progesterone receptor. Relative potency values of these progesterone receptor-active chemicals were obtained. On the basis of relative potencies and measured environmental concentrations, the contribution of progestins to measured progestagenic activities was evaluated. Wastewaters (influent and effluent) and surrounding surface waters (upstream and downstream) at six municipal WWTPs were screened using instrumental chemical analysis and in vitro reporter gene bioassay. We showed the presence of target compounds and (anti-)progestagenic activities in municipal wastewater and surface water. Nine and seven progestins were identified in influent and effluent wastewaters, respectively. Only two compounds, progesterone and medroxyprogesterone were found in surface waters. Progestagenic agonistic activities in influents were partially masked by strong anti-progestagenic activities that were detected in all influents and ranged from 2.63 to 83 ng/L of mifepristone equivalents (EQs). Progestagenic activities were detected in all effluents and ranged from 0.06 to 0.47 ng/L of reference compound ORG 2058 EQs (a synthetic progestin equivalents), thus indicating incomplete removal of progestins during wastewater treatment processing. This activity poses a continuing risk for the aquatic environment. By contrast, anti-progestagenic activities showed better removal efficiency in WWTPs compared to progestagenic agonistic activities. Anti-progestagenic activities were found in only three of six effluents and ranged from 0.26 to 2.1 ng/L mifepristone EQs. We explained most of the progestagenic activity in municipal WWTP effluents by the presence of synthetic progestins and progesterone, which contributed 65-96% of such activity in samples where no antagonistic activity was found. The progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate and progesterone contributed most to the progestagenic activity detected in municipal effluents. Anti-progestagenic activities were found in some municipal effluents, but no causative agents were revealed because two analysed selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) with anti-progestagenic activities, mifepristone and ulipristal acetate, were not present in the effluents.
- MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza toxicita MeSH
- ekotoxikologie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- medroxyprogesteron analýza toxicita MeSH
- mifepriston toxicita MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- odpad tekutý - odstraňování metody MeSH
- odpadní voda analýza toxicita MeSH
- progesteron analýza toxicita MeSH
- progestiny analýza toxicita MeSH
- receptory progesteronu metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Sorption properties of selected sorbents suitable to remove Platinum group cytostatics from hospital waste water and from model solutions of selected Pt group cytostatics were evaluated. Suitable sorbents Clinoptilolite, Bentonite (from Braňany, Czech Republic), Lufa and Supersorbon were selected for testing the Platinum cytostatics removal by the process of sorption from contaminated waste water. Supersorbon activated coal and Bentonite (Braňany) were evaluated as efficient sorbents suitable for all tested Pt cytostatics, which probably relates to their structure the largest volume of pores, porosity and specific surface area. During testing it was found that Platinum compounds precipitate out of the solutions, while this was insignificant only in the Carboplatin solution. This reached up to 85 % in several tests with Cisplatin and Oxali-platin solutions. It was shown that this phenomena occur even in case of the real hospital waste water.
- Klíčová slova
- cytostatika platinové řady, metody čištění kontaminovaných vod, sorpční experimenty, sorpce, sorbenty,
- MeSH
- cytostatické látky toxicita MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- odpadní voda * analýza toxicita MeSH
- platina toxicita MeSH
- sloučeniny platiny toxicita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Health care facilities use for therapeutic purposes, diagnostics, research, and disinfection a high number of chemical compounds, such as pharmaceuticals (e.g. antibiotics, cytostatics, antidepressants), disinfectants, surfactants, metals, radioactive elements, bleach preparations, etc. Hospitals consume significant amounts of water (in the range of 400 to 1200 liters/day/bed) corresponding to the amount of wastewater discharge. Some of these chemicals are not eliminated in wastewater treatment plants and are the source of pollution for surface and groundwater supplies. Hospital wastewater represents chemical and biological risks for public and environmental health as many of these compounds might be genotoxic and are suspected to contribute to the increased incidence of cancer observed during the last decades. The changes of the genetic information can have a lethal effect, but more often cause tumor processes or mutations in embryonic development causing serious defects. A review of the available literature on the mutagenicity/genotoxicity of medical facilities wastewater is presented in this article.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odpadní voda toxicita MeSH
- testy genotoxicity metody MeSH
- zdravotnická zařízení * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Wastewater, especially containing hospital effluents, exhibits high chemical complexity and specificity since it includes various chemicals, biocides, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, radionuclides, disinfectants and pathogens. Biological tests provide true evidence of the wastewater quality and unlike chemical analytical tests show comprehensive pollution effects on the environment and human health. Normalized conventional bioassays are not sensitive enough for ecotoxicological evaluation of wastewater and there is a great need for the development of suitable sensitive bioassays in order to characterize properly the residual toxicity of treated effluents. Provisions of binding EU legislation regarding protection of animals used for scientific purposes and legislation dealing with test methods for identification and classification of health hazard of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biocides, medical devices and consumer products such as cosmetics for environmental ecosystems and for man require to employ alternative toxicological methods respecting the 3Rs concept with priority given to methods in vitro. The Fish Embryo Test (FET) is identified as a relevant, reliable and efficient alternative test method in vitro for determination of acute toxicity for fish. Using the FET, additional toxicological endpoints may be investigated to assess organ specific bioaccumulation, genotoxicity and mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, teratogenicity, various forms of neurotoxicity or endocrine disruptivity. The addition of multiparametric sensitive endpoints makes the FET a true alternative in vitro assay and a powerful tool in toxicology.
- MeSH
- biotest metody MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- odpadní voda toxicita MeSH
- ryby MeSH
- testy toxicity metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Use of fungal organisms in rotating biological contactors (RBC) for bioremediation of liquid industrial wastes has so far been limited in spite of their significant biodegradation potential. The purpose was to investigate the power of RBC using Irpex lacteus for decolorization and detoxification of industrial dyes and dyeing textile liquors. Recalcitrant dye Methylene Blue (150 mg L(-1)) was decolorized within 70 days, its mutagenicity removed, and the biological toxicity decreased more than 10-fold. I. lacteus biofilm in the RBC completely decolorized within 26 and 47 days dyeing liquors containing disperse or reactive dyes adjusted to pH4.5 and 5-fold diluted with the growth medium, respectively. Their respective biological toxicity values were reduced 10- to 10(4)-fold in dependence of the test used. A battery of toxicity tests comprising Vibrio fisheri, Lemna minor and Sinapis alba was efficient to monitor the toxicity of textile dyes and wastewaters. Strong decolorization and detoxification power of RBC using I. lacteus biofilms was demonstrated.
- MeSH
- Aliivibrio fischeri účinky léků MeSH
- Araceae účinky léků MeSH
- barva MeSH
- barvicí látky metabolismus MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- bioreaktory MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus MeSH
- Magnoliopsida účinky léků MeSH
- methylenová modř metabolismus MeSH
- odpad tekutý - odstraňování přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- odpadní voda * toxicita MeSH
- Polyporales metabolismus MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- textilní průmysl MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
