Seedling establishment following germination requires the fine tuning of plant hormone levels including that of auxin. Directional movement of auxin has a central role in the associated processes, among others, in hypocotyl hook development. Regulated auxin transport is ensured by several transporters (PINs, AUX1, ABCB) and their tight cooperation. Here we describe the regulatory role of the Arabidopsis thaliana CRK5 protein kinase during hypocotyl hook formation/opening influencing auxin transport and the auxin-ethylene-GA hormonal crosstalk. It was found that the Atcrk5-1 mutant exhibits an impaired hypocotyl hook establishment phenotype resulting only in limited bending in the dark. The Atcrk5-1 mutant proved to be deficient in the maintenance of local auxin accumulation at the concave side of the hypocotyl hook as demonstrated by decreased fluorescence of the auxin sensor DR5::GFP. Abundance of the polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins PIN3, PIN7, and AUX1 were also decreased in the Atcrk5-1 hypocotyl hook. The AtCRK5 protein kinase was reported to regulate PIN2 protein activity by phosphorylation during the root gravitropic response. Here it is shown that AtCRK5 can also phosphorylate in vitro the hydrophilic loops of PIN3. We propose that AtCRK5 may regulate hypocotyl hook formation in Arabidopsis thaliana through the phosphorylation of polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins, the fine tuning of auxin transport, and consequently the coordination of auxin-ethylene-GA levels.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• hypokotyl fyziologie   MeSH
• klíčení MeSH
• morfogeneze * účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• protein-serin-threoninkinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• reportérové geny MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• vývoj rostlin * účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• xantony farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Pectin methylesterase (PME) controls the methylesterification status of pectins and thereby determines the biophysical properties of plant cell walls, which are important for tissue growth and weakening processes. We demonstrate here that tissue-specific and spatiotemporal alterations in cell wall pectin methylesterification occur during the germination of garden cress (Lepidium sativum). These cell wall changes are associated with characteristic expression patterns of PME genes and resultant enzyme activities in the key seed compartments CAP (micropylar endosperm) and RAD (radicle plus lower hypocotyl). Transcriptome and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis as well as PME enzyme activity measurements of separated seed compartments, including CAP and RAD, revealed distinct phases during germination. These were associated with hormonal and compartment-specific regulation of PME group 1, PME group 2, and PME inhibitor transcript expression and total PME activity. The regulatory patterns indicated a role for PME activity in testa rupture (TR). Consistent with a role for cell wall pectin methylesterification in TR, treatment of seeds with PME resulted in enhanced testa permeability and promoted TR. Mathematical modeling of transcript expression changes in germinating garden cress and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seeds suggested that group 2 PMEs make a major contribution to the overall PME activity rather than acting as PME inhibitors. It is concluded that regulated changes in the degree of pectin methylesterification through CAP- and RAD-specific PME and PME inhibitor expression play a crucial role during Brassicaceae seed germination.

• MeSH
• endosperm enzymologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• hypokotyl enzymologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• karboxylesterhydrolasy biosyntéza   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• klíčení genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• Lepidium sativum enzymologie   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• semena rostlinná enzymologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Light is one of the most important factor influencing plant growth and development all through their life cycle. One of the well-known light-regulated processes is de-etiolation, i.e. the switch from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. The hormones cytokinins (CKs) play an important role during the establishment of photomorphogenesis as exogenous CKs induced photomorphogenesis of dark-grown seedlings. Most of the studies are conducted on the plant model Arabidopsis, but no or few information are available for important crop species, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). In our study, we analyzed for the first time the endogenous CKs content in tomato hypocotyls during skotomorphogenesis, photomorphogenesis and de-etiolation. For this purpose, two tomato genotypes were used: cv. Rutgers (wild-type; WT) and its corresponding mutant (7B-1) affected in its responses to blue light (BL). Using physiological and molecular approaches, we identified that the skotomorphogenesis is characterized by an endoreduplication-mediated cell expansion, which is inhibited upon BL exposure as seen by the accumulation of trancripts encoding CycD3, key regulators of the cell cycle. Our study showed for the first time that iP (isopentenyladenine) is the CK accumulated in the tomato hypocotyl upon BL exposure, suggesting its specific role in photomorphogenesis. This result was supported by physiological experiments and gene expression data. We propose a common model to explain the role and the relationship between CKs, namely iP, and endoreduplication during de-etiolation and photomorphogenesis.

• MeSH
• buněčný cyklus účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• cyklin D3 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• endoreduplikace fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hypokotyl fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• isopentenyladenosin metabolismus   MeSH
• morfogeneze fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• ploidie MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• semenáček fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• Solanum lycopersicum fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH