Ivermectin (IVM), a macrocylic lactone from the avermectin family, is a potent broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug widely used in veterinary as well as human medicine. Although the health benefits of IVM treatment are particularly important, this drug also represents an environmental pollutant with potentially negative effects on many non-target species. To evaluate the ecotoxicological risk of IVM administration to livestock, information evaluating achievable environment-reaching concentration is needed. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the excretion profile of subcutaneously administered IVM in sheep. The standard recommended dose of IVM (0.2 mg kg-1 b.w.) was used. UHPLC/MS/MS was used for the analysis of IVM faecal concentration. In addition, the effect of IVM on seed germination and early roots growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) was evaluated in order to estimate the potential phytotoxic effect of IVM. Based on the obtained results, the parameters of IVM pharmacokinetics (maximum concentration (cmax), time to achieve maximum concentration (tmax), mean residence time (MRT), area under the curve (AUC)) were calculated. IVM elimination in sheep was slow, but faster than the elimination reported previously in cattle. Great interindividual differences were also observed. A two-peak profile of concentration curves indicate the importance of the active efflux of IVM via enterocytes. A "seed germination and early roots growth" test revealed significant IVM phytotoxicity (20% inhibition of root growth) even at 50 nM concentration, a level which may be found in the environment. This newly demonstrated phytotoxicity of IVM together with its well-known toxicity to invertebrates should be taken into account, and thus animals treated with IVM should not be kept in pastures, especially not in sites with high ecological value.

• MeSH
• Anthelmintics pharmacokinetics   toxicity   MeSH
• Ecotoxicology MeSH
• Feces chemistry   MeSH
• Sinapis drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Injections, Subcutaneous MeSH
• Ivermectin pharmacokinetics   toxicity   MeSH
• Sheep MeSH
• Area Under Curve MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Environmental Pollution adverse effects   analysis   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Cattle MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Sludge coming from remediation of groundwater contaminated by industry is usually managed as hazardous waste despite it might be considered for further processing as a source of nutrients. The ecotoxicity of phosphorus rich sludge contaminated with arsenic was evaluated after mixing with soil and cultivation with Sinapis alba, and supplementation into composting and vermicomposting processes. The Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida reproduction tests and the Lactuca sativa root growth test were used. Invertebrate bioassays reacted sensitively to arsenic presence in soil-sludge mixtures. The root elongation of L. sativa was not sensitive and showed variable results. In general, the relationship between invertebrate tests results and arsenic mobile concentration was indicated in majority endpoints. Nevertheless, significant portion of the results still cannot be satisfactorily explained by As chemistry data. Composted and vermicomposted sludge mixtures showed surprisingly high toxicity on all three tested organisms despite the decrease in arsenic mobility, probably due to toxic metabolites of bacteria and earthworms produced during these processes. The results from the study indicated the inability of chemical methods to predict the effects of complex mixtures on living organisms with respect to ecotoxicity bioassays.

• MeSH
• Arsenic chemistry   toxicity   MeSH
• Biological Assay MeSH
• Arthropods drug effects   MeSH
• Ecotoxicology MeSH
• Sinapis growth & development   MeSH
• Composting * MeSH
• Annelida drug effects   MeSH
• Soil Pollutants chemistry   toxicity   MeSH
• Sewage chemistry   MeSH
• Soil chemistry   MeSH
• Solubility MeSH
• Lactuca drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Albendazole (ABZ), widely used benzimidazole anthelmintic, administered to animals enters via excrements into environment and may impact non-target organisms. Moreover, exposure of lower development stages of helminths to anthelmintics may also encourage the development of drug-resistant strains of helminths. In present project, the kinetics of ABZ (10 mg kg(-1) p.o.) and its metabolite (ABZ.SO, ABZSO2) elimination in faeces from treated Texel lambs were studied using UHPLC/MS/MS with the aim to find out their concentrations achievable in the environment. Consequently, the effect of these compounds on lower development stages of Barber's pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) and on germination of white mustard (Sinapis alba) seeds was evaluated. The results showed that ABZ concentrations in faeces excreted in 4-60 h after treatment were above the concentrations lethal for H. contortus eggs. Moreover, pre-incubation with sub-lethal doses of ABZ and ABZ.SO did not increase the resistance of H. contortus eggs and larvae to anthelmintics. On the other hand, concentrations of ABZ and ABZ.SO in faeces are so high that might have negative influence on non-target soil invertebrates. As neither ABZ nor its metabolites affect the germination of mustard seeds, phytoremediation could be considered as potential tool for detoxification of ABZ in the environment.

• MeSH
• Albendazole analysis   pharmacology   MeSH
• Feces chemistry   MeSH
• Haemonchus drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Sinapis drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Germination drug effects   MeSH
• Sheep MeSH
• Seeds drug effects   MeSH
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry MeSH
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Cyanobacteria pose a serious threat to water resources around the world. This is compounded by the fact that they are extremely resilient, having evolved numerous protective mechanisms to ensure their dominant position in their ecosystem. We show that treatment with nanoparticles of zerovalent iron (nZVI) is an effective and environmentally benign method for destroying and preventing the formation of cyanobacterial water blooms. The nanoparticles have multiple modes of action, including the removal of bioavailable phosphorus, the destruction of cyanobacterial cells, and the immobilization of microcystins, preventing their release into the water column. Ecotoxicological experiments showed that nZVI is a highly selective agent, having an EC(50) of 50 mg/L against cyanobacteria; this is 20-100 times lower than its EC(50) for algae, daphnids, water plants, and fishes. The primary product of nZVI treatment is nontoxic and highly aggregated Fe(OH)(3), which promotes flocculation and gradual settling of the decomposed cyanobacterial biomass.

• MeSH
• Araceae drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Water Purification methods   MeSH
• Daphnia drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Sinapis drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Plant Roots drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Metal Nanoparticles toxicity   MeSH
• Water Pollutants analysis   MeSH
• Plant Leaves drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Microcystis drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Water Microbiology MeSH
• Microcystins analysis   MeSH
• Scenedesmus drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Iron toxicity   MeSH
• Poecilia MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH