Here we describe the new trypanosomatid, Phytomonas borealis sp. n., from the midgut of the spiked shieldbugs, Picromerus bidens (Linnaeus), collected in two locations, Novgorod and Pskov Oblasts of Russia. The phylogenetic analyses, based on the 18S rRNA gene, demonstrated that this flagellate is a sister species to the secondary monoxenous Phytomonas nordicus Frolov et Malysheva, 1993, which was concurrently documented in the same host species in Pskov Oblast. Unlike P. nordicus, which can complete its development (including exit to haemolymph and penetration into salivary glands) in Picromerus bidens, the new species did not form any extraintestinal stages in the host. It also did not produce endomastigotes, indispensable for transmission in other Phytomonas spp. These observations, along with the fact that P. bidens overwinters at the egg stage, led us to the conclusion that the examined infections with P. borealis were non-specific. Strikingly, the flagellates from the Novgorod population contained prokaryotic endosymbionts, whereas the parasites from the second locality were endosymbiont-free. This is a first case documenting presence of intracellular symbiotic bacteria in Phytomonas spp. We suggest that this novel endosymbiotic association arose very recently and did not become obligate yet. Further investigation of P. borealis and its intracellular bacteria may shed light on the origin and early evolution of endosymbiosis in trypanosomatids.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- fyziologie bakterií * MeSH
- Heteroptera růst a vývoj parazitologie MeSH
- nymfa růst a vývoj parazitologie MeSH
- RNA protozoální analýza MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S analýza MeSH
- symbióza * MeSH
- Trypanosomatina klasifikace mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rusko MeSH
The different components of the mouthparts of hard ticks (Ixodidae) enable these parasites to penetrate host skin, secrete saliva, embed, and suck blood. Moreover, the tick's mouthparts represent a key route for saliva-assisted pathogen transmission as well as pathogen acquisition from blood meal during the tick feeding process. Much has been learned about the basic anatomy of the tick's mouthparts and in the broad outlines of how they function in previous studies. However, the precise mechanics of these functions are little understood. Here, we propose for the first time an animated model of the orchestration of the tick mouthparts and associated structures during blood meal acquisition and salivation. These two actions are known to alternate during tick engorgement. Specifically, our attention has been paid to the mechanism underlining the blood meal uptake into the pharynx through the mouth and how ticks prevent mixing the uptaken blood with secreted saliva. We animated function of muscles attached to the salivarium and their possible opening /closing of the salivarium, with a plausible explanation of the movement of saliva within the salivarium and massive outpouring of saliva.
- MeSH
- infestace klíšťaty parazitologie MeSH
- klíště anatomie a histologie MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nymfa anatomie a histologie parazitologie MeSH
- salivace * MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti * MeSH
- ústa anatomie a histologie parazitologie MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- Babesia microti izolace a purifikace parazitologie MeSH
- babezióza etiologie přenos MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- klíště parazitologie MeSH
- nymfa parazitologie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce metody využití MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- klíště klasifikace parazitologie MeSH
- kontrola klíšťat metody MeSH
- nymfa parazitologie patogenita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
