BACKGROUND: Earthquakes disproportionately affect women and exacerbate gender and social inequalities. This study aims to investigate the psychological impact of the earthquake in Türkiye on women and the associated factors. METHODS: This is a survey-based study. We collected data from 498 women residing in cities most affected by the earthquake. RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 27.72 ± 5.4. Over 78% of the participants lost at least one family member, and 43.7% lost at least one child due to the earthquake. The mean average of Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) scores was 100.8 (SD = 8.37), and the Global Severity Index was 1.9 (SD = 0.16). Regression analysis showed that higher education levels predicted poor outcomes across most BSI dimensions. Losing a family member and shelter and injury status were also predictors for several mental health outcomes of the BSI subscales. CONCLUSIONS: Earthquakes significantly impact women's well-being and may have a broader impact on the whole family. There is an urgent need to provide psycho-social interventions in the response and recovery phases of the crisis to meet the affected women's needs. This includes providing basic needs with attention to women-specific needs, restoring social networks, addressing gender-based violence and providing gender-sensitive specialized interventions for those who need further support.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duševní zdraví * MeSH
• katastrofy MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• zdraví žen MeSH
• zemětřesení * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic may have caused an underestimation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, as COVID-19 was predominantly recorded as the underlying cause of death. This study investigates CVD-related excess mortality and recording of CVD on the death certificates during 2020-2021, considering underlying (underlying causes of death (UCD)), immediate and contributory causes. METHODS: We utilize US Multiple-Cause-of-Death Mortality Data. Excess deaths are assessed by comparing actual 2020-2021 deaths with Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model predictions. To understand changes in cause-of-death recording, we use the standardized ratio of multiple to underlying causes (SRMU). RESULTS: Excess CVD mortality is most prominent in contributory causes, including hypertensive disease, essential hypertension, and acute myocardial infarction. While excess of contributory CVDs generally decreased in 2021, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary heart diseases and other circulatory diseases showed a continual increase. Changes in SRMU from 2020 to 2021, compared to 2010-2019, reveal shifts in coding practices, particularly for pulmonary heart, cerebrovascular diseases, non-rheumatic valve disorders and heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased CVD-related mortality, which is not fully captured in conventional analyses based solely on the UCD. The trend of coding CVDs as non-underlying causes of death accelerated during 2020-2021. Multiple-causes-of-death should be employed to evaluate mortality when new leading cause of death emerges.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• infarkt myokardu * MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * MeSH
• kauzalita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• příčina smrti MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

• MeSH
• duševní zdraví * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Prior estimates of the years of life lost (YLLs) in the USA associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were 1.2 million through 11 July 2020 and 3.9 million through 31 January 2021 (which roughly coincides with the first full year of the pandemic). The aim of this study is to update YLL estimates through the first 2 years of the pandemic. METHODS: We employed data regarding COVID-19 deaths through 5 February 2022 by jurisdiction, gender and age group. We used actuarial life expectancy tables by gender and age to estimate YLLs. RESULTS: We estimated roughly 9.7 million YLLs due to COVID-19 deaths. The number of YLLs per 10 000 capita was 297.5, with the highest rate in Mississippi (482.7) and the lowest in Vermont (61.4). There was substantial interstate variation in the timing of YLLs and differences in YLLs by gender. YLLs per death increased from 9.2 in the first year of the pandemic to 10.8 through the first 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings improve our understanding of how the mortality effects of COVID-19 have evolved. This insight can be valuable to public health officials as the disease moves to an endemic phase.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naděje dožití MeSH
• pandemie * MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

BACKGROUND: Years of Life Lost (YLLs) measure the shortfall in life expectancy due to a medical condition and have been used in multiple contexts. Previously it was estimated that there were 1.2 million YLLs associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths in the USA through 11 July 2020. The aim of this study is to update YLL estimates for the first full year of the pandemic. METHODS: We employed data regarding COVID-19 deaths in the USA through 31 January 2021 by jurisdiction, gender and age group. We used actuarial life expectancy tables by gender and age to estimate YLLs. RESULTS: We estimated roughly 3.9 million YLLs due to COVID-19 deaths, which correspond to roughly 9.2 YLLs per death. We observed a large range across states in YLLs per 10 000 capita, with New York City at 298 and Vermont at 12. Nationally, the YLLs per 10 000 capita were greater for males than females (136.3 versus 102.3), but there was significant variation in the differences across states. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimates provide further insight into the mortality effects of COVID-19. The observed differences across states and genders demonstrate the need for disaggregated analyses of the pandemic's effects.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naděje dožití MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• City of New York MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• zdravotnický personál MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Smoke-free policy belongs to key public health instruments to promote health in populations. In 2017, new comprehensive smoke-free law prohibiting smoking in indoor public places was implemented. We aimed to measure changes in tobacco smoking patterns and changes in motivation to quit in adult smokers prior to and after the new smoke-free legislation came into force. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study prior to and post the implementation of Act No. 65/2017 Coll. Self-reported questionnaires were administered to 131 adult smokers by trained nurses in general practitioner offices in Prague. We analysed changes in cigarette consumption per day; ratio of cigarettes smoked in pub, street, work and home; and motivation to quit using regression modelling. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant decrease in the daily consumption of cigarettes (an average of 1.7 cigarettes per day, P < 0.001, d = 0.34). Smoking in indoor public spaces decreased to almost zero, while tobacco consumption in outdoor public spaces (such as streets and squares) increased by nearly 20%. We observed statistically significant increase of motivation to quit smoking (P = 0.021, d = 0.21). CONCLUSION: The study brings valuable indication of the desired public health impact related to key legislative change in the Czech Republic.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motivace * MeSH
• odvykání kouření * MeSH
• podpora zdraví MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• užívání tabáku MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: The mortality effects of COVID-19 are a critical aspect of the disease's impact. Years of life lost (YLLs) can provide greater insight than the number of deaths by conveying the shortfall in life expectancy and thus the age profile of the decedents. METHODS: We employed data regarding COVID-19 deaths in the USA by jurisdiction, gender and age group for the period 1 February 2020 through 11 July 2020. We used actuarial life expectancy tables by gender and age to estimate YLLs. RESULTS: We estimated roughly 1.2 million YLLs due to COVID-19 deaths. The YLLs for the top six jurisdictions exceeded those for the remaining 43. On a per-capita basis, female YLLs were generally higher than male YLLs throughout the country. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimates offer new insight into the effects of COVID-19. Our findings of heterogenous rates of YLLs by geography and gender highlight variation in the magnitude of the pandemic's effects that may inform effective policy responses.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 mortalita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naděje dožití * MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• pojišťovací analýza MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has recently reviewed the ethical foundations of its recommendations. The approach taken in its report is similar to principlism, i.e. the system of Beauchamp and Childress proposed in their 'Principles of Biomedical Ethics.' The commission identifies a number of 'core values' which have helped shape the evolution of the ICRP system of radiological protection, namely 'Beneficence and non-maleficence', 'Prudence', 'Justice' and 'Dignity'. In addition, 'procedural values' are cited that are important for the system's applications in practice, 'Accountability', 'Transparency' and 'Inclusiveness (Stakeholder Participation)'. It is emphasized that these values are common to or at least acceptable for people from different cultural backgrounds, which for an endeavour as global in nature as radiological protection seems to be quite important and appropriate. Thus, the ICRP document on 'Ethics of radiological protection' could set a standard for other areas.

• MeSH
• bioetika * MeSH
• dobročinnost MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• radiační ochrana * MeSH
• sociální odpovědnost MeSH
• sociální spravedlnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: This study examines short- and long-run effects of a new-stricter-road traffic law on traffic accident-related fatalities in the Czech Republic. The law introduced tougher punishments through the introduction of a demerit point system and a manifold increase in fines, together with augmented authority of traffic police. METHODS: Identification is based on difference-in-differences methodology, with neighbouring countries serving as a control group. RESULTS: There was a sharp, 33.3%, decrease in accident-related fatalities during the first three post-reform months. This translates into 127 saved lives (95% confidence interval: 51, 204). The decline was, however, temporary; the estimates of the effects going beyond the first year are around zero. Unique data on traffic police activity reveal that police resources devoted to traffic law enforcement gradually declined. CONCLUSIONS: Tougher penalties have significant, but often short-lived effects. Weaker enforcement in the aftermath of such reforms may explain the absence of long-run effects.

• MeSH
• databáze faktografické MeSH
• dopravní nehody mortalita   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• formální sociální kontrola metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorová vozidla ekonomika   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• organizační inovace MeSH
• policie MeSH
• prosazení zákonů MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Německo MeSH
• Rakousko MeSH