BACKGROUND: The scapular structures that have not yet been assigned anatomic terms generate a challenge in clinical diagnostics and surgical application, as well as in scientific observation. The aim of this study was to solve the lack in terminology concerning the scapula and the scapular region. METHODS: Observation and description of 29 structures were carried out on both dry scapulae and radiographs of the shoulder joint. In addition, several terms commonly encountered throughout the literature concerning the scapula were revised. A degree of consensus was reached by using the Delphi method surveying the opinions of 21 invited experts in the field. Taxonomy panels and etymology of anatomic terminology were considered in the generation of the proposed terms. RESULTS: The scapula was redefined as a lamina with projecting processes, and several landmarks demarcating certain newly defined topographic spaces were highlighted via 2 rounds of Delphi systematic voting and discussion. The overall level of the peer nominees' consensus was high. Few terms received a neutral opinion. CONCLUSIONS: This study communicates a proposal of 16 new terms defining grossly visible structures on the scapula that have not yet been described by officially recognized terms, including a call to unify 13 previously contributed terms that have not been codified and are often used interchangeably within different surgical and scientific fields. Incorporating these terms into the anatomic nomenclature would facilitate communication accuracy and eliminate ambiguity among clinicians, surgeons, and anatomists.

• MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lopatka * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• ramenní kloub * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The attachments of muscles and the position of the humeral head are important for a good functional outcome of shoulder hemiarthroplasties after displaced fractures of the proximal humerus. Deviations in the attachments and changes in their spatial position with respect to the humeral head during surgical reconstruction change the biomechanics and reduce the range of motion of the should joint postoperatively. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used 198 humerus preparations and using 3-dimensional analysis measured the angular relationships between the humeral head axis and medial margin of the greater tuberosity (11.9 degrees +/- 9.1 degrees ), lateral margin of the lesser tuberosity (48.0 degrees +/- 7.8 degrees ), and the crest of the greater tuberosity (27.1 degrees +/- 9.6 degrees ). CONCLUSION: This study provides average values of the positions of the greater and lesser tuberosities with respect to the humeral head axis. We show that the greater and lesser tuberosities are more reliable than the transepicondylar line for reconstruction of humeral head retroversion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Basic Science.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• artroplastiky kloubů metody   MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• fraktury proximálního humeru radiografie   chirurgie   MeSH
• humerus anatomie a histologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• kosterní svaly anatomie a histologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• modely anatomické MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• pravděpodobnost MeSH
• protetické vybavení MeSH
• protézy - design MeSH
• rotátorová manžeta anatomie a histologie   radiografie   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH