Due to their widespread usage, people are exposed to pesticides on a daily basis. Although these compounds may have adverse effects on their health, there is a gap in the data and the methodology needed to reliably quantify the risks of non-occupational human dermal exposure to pesticides. We used Franz cells and human skin in order to measure the dermal absorption kinetics (steady-state flux, lag time and permeability coefficient) of Carbendazim and Simazine. These parameters were then used to refine the dermal exposure model and a probabilistic simulation was used to quantify risks resulting from exposure to pesticide-polluted waters. The experimentally derived permeability coefficient was 0.0034 cm h(-1) for Carbendazim and 0.0047 cm h(-1) for Simazine. Two scenarios (varying exposure duration and concentration, i.e. environmentally relevant and maximum solubility) were used to quantify the human health risks (hazard quotients) for Carbendazim and Simazine. While no risks were determined in the case of either scenario, the permeability coefficient, which is concentration independent and donor, formulation, compound and membrane specific, may be used in other scenarios and exposure models to quantify more precisely the dermally absorbed dose during exposure to polluted water. To the best of our knowledge, the dermal absorption kinetics parameters defined here are being published for the first time. The usage of experimental permeability parameters in combination with probabilistic risk assessment thus provides a new tool for quantifying the risks of human dermal exposure to pesticides.
- MeSH
- Benzimidazoles pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Models, Biological * MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Risk Assessment MeSH
- Carbamates pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Kinetics MeSH
- Skin Absorption * MeSH
- Skin drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Permeability MeSH
- Pesticides pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Simazine pharmacokinetics MeSH
- In Vitro Techniques MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
We investigated the chronic effect of simazine, an s-triazine herbicide commonly present in aquatic environments, on the antioxidant system and oxidative stress indices in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of 0.06 μg l(-1) (environmental concentration in Czech rivers), 2 mg l(-1), and 4 mg l(-1) for 14, 28 and 60 days. Indices of oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)], and antioxidant parameters [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH)] in fish brain, gill, muscle, liver, and intestine were measured. Chronic exposure to simazine showed the impact of the increased production of ROS leading to oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and inhibition of antioxidant capacity. Activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH in groups with high concentrations (2 mg l(-1), 4 mg l(-1)) increased at 14 and 28 days, but decreased after 60 days exposure (p<0.01) as compared with the control group. Changes in enzyme activity were mainly in the liver, but also in gills and brain. Prolonged exposure to simazine resulted in excess ROS formation finally resulting in oxidative damage to cell lipids and proteins and also inhibited antioxidant capacities in common carp tissue.
- MeSH
- Antioxidants metabolism MeSH
- Biomarkers metabolism MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity MeSH
- Behavior, Animal drug effects MeSH
- Glutathione metabolism MeSH
- Glutathione Peroxidase metabolism MeSH
- Glutathione Reductase metabolism MeSH
- Herbicides toxicity MeSH
- Liver drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Carps metabolism MeSH
- Catalase metabolism MeSH
- Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances metabolism MeSH
- Brain drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Oxidative Stress drug effects MeSH
- Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism MeSH
- Simazine toxicity MeSH
- Intestines drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Superoxide Dismutase metabolism MeSH
- Muscles drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Gills drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
The effects of a 90 day simazine exposure at concentrations of 0.06 (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 1, 2, and 4 μg L⁻¹ were assessed in one-year-old common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Its influence on biometric parameters, hematology, blood biochemistry, liver biomarkers, and histology was investigated. Biometric parameters of common carp exposed to simazine at 0.06 μg L⁻¹ showed no differences from untreated fish. Simazine concentrations of 1, 2, and 4 μg L⁻¹ caused significant (p<0.01) increase of hepatosomatic indices relative to controls. Hematological profiles showed significant (p<0.01) decrease in leukocyte count relative to controls at all concentrations. Biochemical profiles of common carp exposed to simazine at all concentrations showed significant (p<0.01) increase in activity of alkaline phosphatase. In addition, at concentrations of 1 and 2 μg L⁻¹, there was a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (p<0.05), and, at 4 μg L⁻¹, a significant increase in total protein (p<0.05), albumins (p<0.05), and alanine aminotransferase (p<0.05) compared with controls. Renal histology revealed severe hyaline degeneration of the epithelial cells of caudal kidney tubules in fish at all exposure levels compared to controls. Chronic exposure of common carp to simazine caused significant shifts in hematological, biochemical, and biometric profiles, and histopathological changes. The results of this study indicate that chronic exposure of simazine has altered multiple physiological indices in fish hematology and biochemistry, which potentially may be a biomarker of simazine toxicity; however, before these parameters are used as special biomarkers for monitoring residual simazine in aquatic environment, more detailed experiments in laboratory need to be performed in the future.
- MeSH
- Alanine Transaminase metabolism MeSH
- Alkaline Phosphatase metabolism MeSH
- Biomarkers metabolism MeSH
- Behavior, Animal drug effects MeSH
- Herbicides analysis toxicity MeSH
- Liver drug effects metabolism pathology MeSH
- Carps metabolism physiology MeSH
- Rivers chemistry MeSH
- Simazine analysis toxicity MeSH
- Environmental Exposure analysis MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the toxicity of simazine in different developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on the basis of mortality, early ontogeny, occurrence of morphological anomalies, growth rate, and Fulton's condition factor during and at the conclusion of the test. DESIGN: The toxicity tests were performed on carp according to OECD 210 methodologies. The developmental stages of carp were exposed to simazine at four concentrations, 0.06, (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 60, 600, and 3000 µg/l for 36 days and compared to carp in a non-treated control group. RESULTS: Simazine in concentration 0.06 µg/l had no effect on early life stages of carp. Simazine in concentration 600 and 3000 µg/l caused decrease of mass and total length of carp. Fish exposed to three highest levels of simazine showed alteration of tubular system of caudal kidney. On the basis of histopatological changes the values of LOEC = 60 µg/l, NOEC = 0.06 µg/l for simazine were estimated. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic simazine exposure of early-life stages of common carp affected their growth rate, and histology. Some of the changes were observed only at higher exposures (600, 3000 µg/l), but change founded in caudal kidney was affected in fish exposed to the second lowest concentration tested (i.e., 60 µg/l), which is about 10 µg/l higher than reported in Colorado rivers in recent years. Concentrations of simazine in World rivers have been reported to generally vary in the range 0.0003-49.20 µg/l.
- MeSH
- Models, Biological MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity MeSH
- Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects MeSH
- Herbicides toxicity MeSH
- Carps embryology MeSH
- Kidney drug effects embryology metabolism MeSH
- Ovum drug effects MeSH
- Rivers chemistry MeSH
- Simazine toxicity MeSH
- Toxicity Tests MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Simazine is a triazine herbicide which has been used for a long period in agriculture and in the aquatic environment for control of weeds and algae. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of subchronic exposure to simazine on growth and the development of histopathological changes in selected organs (gills, kidney, liver) in Danio rerio. METHODS: Juvenile growth tests were performed on D. rerio according to the OECD method No. 215. Fish at the age of 20 days were exposed to the environmental simazine concentration commonly detected in Czech rivers (0.06 μg.L-1) and a range of sublethal concentrations of simazine (0.6, 6.0 and 60.0 μg.L-1) for 28 days. RESULTS: There were no significant differences (p<0.05) between the specific growth rates (r) of the test groups and those of both control groups. Histopathological examination revealed pathological changes in fish exposed to a simazine concentration of 60.0 μg.L-1. The values of NOEC and LOEC of simazine were 6.0 μg.L-1 and 60.0 μg.L-1. CONCLUSIONS: The environmental concentration of simazine in Czech rivers did not have any effects on the growth and development of histopathological changes in D. rerio.
- MeSH
- Survival Analysis MeSH
- Behavior, Animal drug effects MeSH
- Zebrafish growth & development physiology MeSH
- Hepatocytes drug effects metabolism physiology MeSH
- Herbicides pharmacology toxicity MeSH
- Kidney drug effects metabolism physiology MeSH
- Simazine pharmacology toxicity MeSH
- Toxicity Tests, Subchronic statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Validation Studies as Topic MeSH
- Environmental Exposure MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Evaluation Study MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the subchronic effects of a triazine compound, simazine, on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) though, via by means of biometric, biochemical, hematological, and histological examination. DESIGN: One-year-old fish were exposed to simazine at four concentrations, 0.06, (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 4, 20, and 50 microg L-1 for 28 days and compared to carp in a non-treated control group. RESULTS: Exposure of fish to simazine at 0.06 microg L-1 had no effect on measured parameters. However, exposure to simazine at the concentrations of 4, 20, 50 microg L-1 showed significant differences in biochemical, hematological, and histopathological profiles of fish compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that simazine in the recorded environmental concentration 0.06 microg L-1 had no effect on common carp. Subchronic exposure to 4, 20, and 50 microg L-1 of simazine was associated with alterations in biochemical and hematological indices and in fish organ tissues.
- MeSH
- Herbicides administration & dosage toxicity MeSH
- Carps physiology MeSH
- Water Pollutants administration & dosage toxicity MeSH
- Random Allocation MeSH
- Rivers MeSH
- Simazine administration & dosage toxicity MeSH
- Toxicity Tests MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
- MeSH
- Herbicides metabolism toxicity MeSH
- Mitochondria, Liver physiology drug effects MeSH
- Lipids blood MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Oxidative Phosphorylation physiology drug effects MeSH
- Simazine metabolism toxicity MeSH
- Fatty Liver chemically induced blood physiopathology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Comparative Study MeSH
- MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Mitochondria MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal MeSH
- Oxidative Phosphorylation MeSH
- Simazine administration & dosage adverse effects MeSH
- Triglycerides MeSH
- Fatty Liver etiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
