Miniaturizace je jedním z velkých témat současnosti a v chemii se také uplatňuje. Z chemických reakcí ve větších měřítkách, v baňkách, se přechází na miniaturizované systémy mikroreaktorů. Postupným vývojem byly optimalizovány materiály i techniky pro práci v mikroměřítku. Mnohé studie se zabývají rozborem dokonce jednotlivých molekul, často se jedná o makromolekuly typu DNA, nebo proteinu. Je možné vytvářet reaktory s objemem attolitrů. Některé experimenty slibují do budoucna užitečnou aplikaci v medicíně, ale i dalších oborech.

Today, miniaturization is one of the top topics and chemistry undergoes it as well. Chemical reactions were usually performed in flasks but at the present time, there are many endeavours to miniaturize them to microreactor systems. Used methods and materials are still being optimised to be able to work in this micro and nano-scale volume. There are many experiments studying even single molecules (often macromolecules like DNA or proteins). It is possible to create reactors even of attoliter volume. Therefore applications in medicine and other disciplines can be expected in the future.

• MeSH
• mikrochemie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• mikrotechnologie metody   MeSH
• miniaturizace metody   MeSH

Microreactor technology is an interdisciplinary field that combines science and engineering. This new concept in production, analysis and research is finding increasing application in many different fields. Benefits of this new technology pose a vital influence on chemical industry, biotechnology, the pharmaceutical industry and medicine, life science, clinical and environmental diagnostic. In the last few years, together with microplant development, a great part of research investigation is focused on integrated micro-systems, the so called micro-total-analysis-systems (μ-TAS) or lab-on-chip (LOC). They are devices that perform sampling, sample preparation, detection and date processing in integrated model. Cell sorting, cell lysis, single cell analysis and non-destructive single cell experiments on just one microreactor, makes the LOC platform possible. Clinical diagnostic devices are also leaning towards completely integrated, multiple sophisticated biochemical analyses (PCR amplification, cell lysis, separation and detection) all on a single platform and in real time. Special attention is also paid to the usage of microdevices in tissue. Tissue engineering is one of the most promising fields that can lead to in vitro tissue and organ reconstruction ready for implantation and microdevices can be used to promote the migration, proliferation and the differentiation of cells in controlled situations.

• MeSH
• biofyzika MeSH
• biomedicínské technologie MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• DNA analýza   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• imunoanalýza metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• metabolomika metody   MeSH
• metoda terčíkového zámku přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• mikrochemie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• mikročipové analytické postupy MeSH
• mikrofluidika metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• mikrofluidní analytické techniky metody   MeSH
• mikrotechnologie metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• miniaturizace metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• separace buněk metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• chemická válka MeSH
• chemické bojové látky * analýza   chemická syntéza   zásobování a distribuce   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ozbrojené síly MeSH
• zdravotnické prostředky * zásobování a distribuce   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

In this work, the combination of an immobilized enzyme microreactor (IMER) based on the clinically important isoform cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) with capillary electrophoresis (CE) is presented. The CYP2C9 was attached to magnetic SiMAG-carboxyl microparticles using the carbodiimide method. The formation of an IMER in the inlet part of the separation capillary was ensured by two permanent magnets fixed in a cassette from the CE apparatus in the repulsive arrangement. The resulting on-line system provides an integration of enzyme reaction mixing and incubation, reaction products separation, detection and quantification into a single fully automated procedure with the possibility of repetitive use of the enzyme and minuscule amounts of reactant consumption. The on-line kinetic and inhibition studies of CYP2C9's reaction with diclofenac as a model substrate and sulfaphenazole as a model inhibitor were conducted in order to demonstrate its practical applicability. Values of the apparent Michalis-Menten constant, apparent maximum reaction velocity, Hill coefficient, apparent inhibition constant and half-maximal inhibition concentration were determined on the basis of the calculation of the effective substrate and inhibitor concentrations inside the capillary IMER using a model described by the Hagen-Poisseulle law and a novel enhanced model that reflects the influence of the reactants' diffusion during the injection process.

• MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• difuze MeSH
• diklofenak chemie   MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární * MeSH
• enzymy imobilizované metabolismus   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• objevování léků přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• elektroforéza metody   přístrojové vybavení   využití   MeSH
• enzymy imobilizované analýza   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie s elektrosprejovou ionizací metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• peptidové mapování metody   přístrojové vybavení   využití   MeSH
• proteiny analýza   MeSH
• trypsin analýza   MeSH
• vazba proteinů genetika   MeSH

A liquid marble is a liquid droplet encapsulated in a hydrophobic powder that adheres to the liquid surface. Liquid marbles preparation is very simple – a small amount of liquid is carefully dripped on the layer of hydrophobic powder consisting of nano- or micro particles, which spread spontaneously at the interface liquid/air. This process results in a liquid marble that has some of the properties of a liquid droplet and, at the same time, behaves as a soft solid. Liquid marbles present an alternative to superhydrophobic surfaces because these particles prevent the liquid to wet and contaminate the carrier surface, be it solid or liquid. The present work focuses on the description of basic properties of liquid marbles; also, an overview is given of possible applications of liquid marbles, e.g. for the transport of small volumes of liquids or powders in microfluidics, for the detection of gases or water contamination or as (bio)microreactors.

• Klíčová slova
• tekuté kuličky,
• MeSH
• chemické látky - účinky a užití * MeSH
• hemaglutinační testy metody   MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce * MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
• kultivační techniky MeSH
• výzkum MeSH

In this paper, we report on a novel oriented peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) immobilization approach onto methacrylate based monolithic support for rapid, reproducible and efficient release of the N-linked carbohydrate moieties from glycoproteins. The glutathione-S-transferase-fusion PNGase F (PNGase F-GST) was expressed in Escherichia coli using regular vector technology. The monolithic pore surface was functionalized with glutathione via a succinimidyl-6-(iodoacetyl-amino)-hexanoate linker and the specific affinity of GST toward glutathione was utilized for the oriented coupling. This novel immobilization procedure was compared with reductive amination technique commonly used for non-oriented enzyme immobilization via primary amine functionalities. Both coupling approaches were compared using enzymatic treatment of several glycoproteins, such as ribonuclease B, fetuin and immunoglobulin G followed by MALDI/MS and CE-LIF analysis of the released glycans. Orientedly immobilized PNGase F via GST-glutathione coupling showed significantly higher activity, remained stable for several months, and allowed rapid release of various types of glycans (high-mannose, core fucosylated, sialylated, etc.) from glycoproteins. Complete protein deglycosylation was obtained as fast as in several seconds when using flow-through immobilized microreactors.

• MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• enzymy imobilizované chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• glykosylace MeSH
• imunoglobulin G chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mannosyl-glykoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglukosaminidasa chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• polysacharidy analýza   chemie   MeSH
• poréznost MeSH
• skot MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• elektroforéza kapilární,

• Konspekt
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NLK Obory
• fyzika, biofyzika
• biomedicínské inženýrství