Challenges with various TLR ligands (TLRLs)in combination with D-galactosamine (GalN) in rodents may mimic diverse conditions of acute inflammation and organ failure. Here, we report that CpG (ODN1826, TLR9 agonist)/GalN induced a liver-specific injury with modest systemic effects, whereas R848 (resiquimod, TLR7/8 agonist)/GalN exhibited systemic and liver toxicity. We also observed the protective effect of Gr-1+ cells (the population containing neutrophils) against liver injury in both the R848/GalN and CpG/GalN models. In cytokine measurements, the intraperitoneal administration of antibodies showed a non-specific tolerance induction effect, which was more pronounced in the CpG/GalN than in the R848/GalN model. Cytokine analyses also suggested that the TLR9 agonist/GalN induced a limited degree of systemic inflammation compared to TLR7/8 agonist/GalN models. The relevance of this finding to the TLR9-mediated induction of stress tolerance (protective effect) in non-immune cells is discussed.

• MeSH
• galaktosamin toxicita   MeSH
• imidazoly toxicita   MeSH
• lékové postižení jater etiologie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lipopolysacharidy toxicita   MeSH
• membránové glykoproteiny agonisté   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• toll-like receptor 7 agonisté   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 8 agonisté   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 9 agonisté   MeSH
• zánět chemicky indukované   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The paradoxical and inverse association between body mass index and mortality risk in patients with end-stage renal disease has raised a question of whether an increased fat mass is good or bad for patients with chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this review is to update the concept on body fat in patients with chronic kidney disease. RECENT FINDINGS: A greater fat mass is an independent predictor of better survival in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Following the initiation of dialysis, chronic kidney disease patients gain body weight due mainly to increased fat mass. Fat mass gain over time predicts better survival in hemodialysis patients. In predialysis chronic kidney disease, there is also an inverse association between body mass index and mortality risk. The metabolic syndrome and a high body mass index are independent predictors for development of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, respectively. In diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease, however, a high initial body mass index is associated with a slower decline in glomerular filtration rate. SUMMARY: The impacts of fat mass on survival and renal function appear to vary depending upon the absence or presence, and stages of chronic kidney disease. Further research is required for optimal nutritional management and improved outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease.

• MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• chronické selhání ledvin mortalita   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• tuková tkáň MeSH
• vyšetření funkce ledvin MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• vápník MeSH
• vnitřní lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
• NLK Obory
• vnitřní lékařství
• vnitřní lékařství

• MeSH
• Escherichia coli enzymologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• fosfotransferasy MeSH
• ribonukleasy MeSH
• ribonukleosidy analogy a deriváty   MeSH