Silver fir Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Improving our understanding of the potential of forest adaptation is an urgent task in the light of predicted climate change. Long-term alternatives for susceptible yet economically important tree species such as Norway spruce (Picea abies) are required, if the frequency and intensity of summer droughts will continue to increase. Although Silver fir (Abies alba) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) have both been described as drought-tolerant species, our understanding of their growth responses to drought extremes is still limited. Here, we use a dendroecological approach to assess the resistance, resilience, and recovery of these important central Europe to conifer species the exceptional droughts in 1976 and 2003. A total of 270 trees per species were sampled in 18 managed mixed-species stands along an altitudinal gradient (400-1200 m a.s.l.) at the western slopes of the southern and central Black Forest in southwest Germany. While radial growth in all species responded similarly to the 1976 drought, Norway spruce was least resistant and resilient to the 2003 summer drought. Silver fir showed the overall highest resistance to drought, similarly to Douglas fir, which exhibited the widest growth rings. Silver fir trees from lower elevations were more drought prone than trees at higher elevations. Douglas fir and Norway spruce, however, revealed lower drought resilience at higher altitudes. Although the 1976 and 2003 drought extremes were quite different, Douglas fir maintained consistently the highest radial growth. Although our study did not examine population-level responses, it clearly indicates that Silver fir and Douglas fir are generally more resistant and resilient to previous drought extremes and are therefore suitable alternatives to Norway spruce; Silver fir more so at higher altitudes. Cultivating these species instead of Norway spruce will contribute to maintaining a high level of productivity across many Central European mountain forests under future climate change.
- MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace MeSH
- jedle fyziologie MeSH
- klimatické změny MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- období sucha * MeSH
- Pseudotsuga fyziologie MeSH
- smrk fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Německo MeSH
- Norsko MeSH
Silver fir is one of the most productive and ecologically valuable native European tree species, however, it has been experiencing decline which has periodically occurred over its natural range. This paper aims to investigate the recent climate-growth relationships of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and its temporal change along the course of its life. Long-term tree-ring databases, as well as records on climate, atmospheric SO2, NO3 and acid concentrations from four different regions in the Western Carpathians were used. The results provide clear evidence of significant increase of silver fir's radial increment over the entire Western Carpathian area since 1970-1980. The results indicated that the most probable factors behind the rapid recovery of tree radial increment were reductions in emissions of NO3 and SO2, alongside a significant increase in mean June, July and April temperatures.
- MeSH
- dusičnany analýza MeSH
- ekologie MeSH
- jedle růst a vývoj MeSH
- klimatické změny MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- oxid siřičitý analýza MeSH
- podnebí MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The diet rich in fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome, including diabetes development by various mechanisms of action, mainly due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Extracts from different conifer species are known to be a rich source of various polyphenols. In the present study we elucidated the in vitro mechanism of anti-diabetic activity of silver fir (Abies alba) wood and bark extracts and compared their activity to non-coniferous sweet chestnut wood extract and standardized maritime pine bark extract. Extracts and lignans were tested for their inhibitory activity of enzymes involved in the regulation of blood glucose in vitro. The ability of extracts to protect against oxidative stress in high glucose environment was tested on mouse myoblast cell line. Silver fir wood and bark extracts were shown to be effective inhibitors of α-glucosidase, α-amylase and dipeptidyl peptidase 4, three enzymes involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels. Coniferous extracts also showed protection against oxidative stress generated in high glucose environment. Lignans, particularly pinoresinol diglucoside, isolariciresinol and secolariciresinol were shown to be important contributors of antihyperglycemic activity through inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4. This corroborates previously published in vivo results on blood glucose level obtained with silver fir wood extract and supports the use of silver fir wood and bark extracts as food supplements or functional foods in borderline diabetes.
- MeSH
- alfa-amylasy antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- alfa-glukosidasy metabolismus MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- dipeptidylpeptidasa 4 metabolismus MeSH
- dřevo chemie MeSH
- hypoglykemika izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- inhibitory dipeptidylpeptidasy 4 izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- inhibitory glykosidových hydrolas izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- jedle chemie MeSH
- krevní glukóza účinky léků MeSH
- kůra rostlin chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Genetic association studies in forest trees would greatly benefit from information on the response of trees to environmental stressors over time, which can be provided by dendroecological analysis. Here, we jointly analysed dendroecological and genetic data of surviving silver fir trees to explore the genetic basis of their response to the iconic stress episode of the 1970s and 1980s that led to large-scale forest dieback in Central Europe and has been attributed to air pollution. Specifically, we derived dendrophenotypic measures from 190 trees in the Bavarian Forest that characterize the resistance, resilience and recovery during this growth depression, and in the drought year in 1976. By focusing on relative growth changes of trees and by standardizing the dendrophenotypes within stands, we accounted for variation introduced by micro- and macroscale environmental differences. We associated the dendrophenotypes with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes using general linear models (GLMs) and the machine learning algorithm random forest with subsequent feature selection. Most trees at our study sites experienced a severe growth decline from 1974 until the mid-1980s with minimum values during the drought year. Fifteen genes were associated with the dendrophenotypes, including genes linked to photosynthesis and drought stress. With our study, we show that dendrophenotypes can be a powerful resource for genetic association studies that permit to account for micro- and macroenvironmental variation when data are derived from natural populations. We call for a wider collaboration of dendroecologists and forest geneticists to integrate individual tree-level dendrophenotypes in genetic association studies.
- MeSH
- ekologie MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace genetika MeSH
- fyziologický stres genetika MeSH
- genetické asociační studie MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- jedle genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika MeSH
- období sucha MeSH
- podnebí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
