Tabák je jedním z nejvýznamnějších faktorů ohrožujících lidské zdraví. Lékaři a jejich profesní sdružení mají klíčovou roli ve snižování morbidity a mortality způsobené užíváním tabáku. Kontrola tabáku ale není jen otázkou pro lékaře – znamená i cílenou regulaci tabákového průmyslu. Rámcová úmluva o kontrole tabáku si klade za cíl chránit veřejnost proti globálnímu šíření tabáku. Tento přehled zmiňuje hlavní ustanovení Úmluvy a jejich význam pro vlády a pro lékařskou profesi.

Tobacco is one of the greatest threats to human health. Doctors and their professional associations have a vital role in reducing illness and death from tobacco. But tobacco control is not just an issue for doctors.Meaningful regulation of the tobacco industry is needed. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control aims to protect the public against the global spread of tobacco. This review sets out the main provisions of the Framework Convention, and its implications for governments and for the medical profession.

• MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• odvykání kouření MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH

Materiál zaměřen na tabákovou kontrolu, na boj proti tabakismu (Iniciativa za svět bez tabáku). Určeno široké veřejnosti.

• Klíčová slova
• kontrola tabáku, ochrana zdraví, toxikomanie,

• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• adiktologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

OBJECTIVES: Smoking is the leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to provide the first national description of organizational capacity and involvement in tobacco control (TC) measures outlined by the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) within the Czech Republic. METHODS: Data were collected in a national cross-sectional survey of all 14 organizations engaged in TC activities within the Czech Republic. Organizational capacity (defined as skills, supports, partnerships, resources, and leadership) to implement TC activities, and level of involvement in key FCTC measures were assessed and compared across organizations. RESULTS: Despite the high economic costs of tobacco use, few organizations were involved in TC activities. 50% of all organizations involved in TC activities were non-government or non-profit organizations. Less than one third of organizations reported having a sufficient number of staff or adequate funding to work effectively. Skills for chronic disease prevention (CDP) practice including assessment, identifying relevant practices, developing and implementing initiatives were rated more favourably than skills to evaluate these activities. Level of involvement was ranked highest for activities that focused on creation of smoke-free environments and lowest for activities that focused on raising taxes and sales to minors. Organizations tended to be more involved in individual, rather than population-level prevention strategies. Inadequate funding, insufficient number of staff dedicated to working on TC, and lack of political will were major barriers. CONCLUSIONS: This paper provides the first national description of organizational capacity and level of involvement in FCTC measures within the Czech Republic.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• tabák * MeSH
• tabákové výrobky * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• kontrola tabáku,
• MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• podpora zdraví MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• primární prevence MeSH
• veřejná politika MeSH
• Publikační typ
• populární práce MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• adiktologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO
• CD-ROM

• MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• prevence kouření MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• Check Tag
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• sborníky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• adiktologie

This roadmap envisions a WHO European Region that is free of tobacco-related morbidity, mortality and addiction – in short, a Region where tobacco is a thing of the past. In resolution EUR/RC64/R4 on the Ashgabat Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in the Context of Health 2020, endorsed at the 64th session of the Regional Committee for Europe in 2014, Member States of the Region affirmed their commitment to accelerating efforts to achieve the full implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). They pledged to work together to make the global target on NCDs related to tobacco use a reality, requesting this roadmap to support their efforts. This roadmap aims to guide movement in the desired direction and to assist Member States and the WHO European Region in reaching the goal and in achieving its vision. It recognizes that the time and exact routes that countries take may differ, reflecting the diversity of the Region and the particular circumstances of Member States, but encourages all leaders to begin the journey, make progress at an appropriate speed, close the gap between countries and reach the common destination.

• MeSH
• kouření MeSH
• prevence kouření MeSH
• tabákový průmysl MeSH
• zdravotní politika MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

The European tobacco control report describes the tobacco control situation and the status of tobacco control policies in the WHO European Region as at late 2006; reviews progress following the adoption of the European Strategy for Tobacco Control (ESTC) in 2002; and establishes a baseline for monitoring implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in the Region. The document presents an overview of the situation regarding tobacco use and related harm in the WHO European Region during the period 2002-2006 and of Member States' policy responses and implementation of national tobacco control measures in line with the recommendations of the ESTC. Reference is also made to the status of policies in countries in the light of the specific requirements of the WHO FCTC. Lessons learned and challenges faced during the policy-making process are illustrated by several short national, regional and subregional case studies attached to the Report.

• MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce MeSH
• podpora zdraví MeSH
• prevence kouření MeSH
• smlouvy MeSH
• tabákový průmysl zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• zdravotní politika MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• adiktologie
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• právo, zákonodárství
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) developed by the State Parties to the World Health Organization was ratified in Slovakia in 2004 and in Finland in 2005. The aim of this study was to explore and compare compliance with the FCTC in Finland and Slovakia. This is a two-country comparative study of tobacco control policy based on implementation of the FCTC in Slovakia and Finland. Compliance with the FCTC was measured similarly in Slovakia and Finland in terms of their institutional structure supporting a smoking free environment and implementation of selected articles of the FCTC. In Finland the responsibilities for anti-tobacco policy are clearly assigned. Slovakia does not have specifically responsible institutions. Finland has a clear plan for achieving the goal of a smoking-free country based on empirical evidence. Slovakia meets only the minimum standard resulting from its commitment as ratified in the FCTC and data are out of date or missing completely.

• MeSH
• dodržování směrnic statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kontrola léčiv a omamných látek zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• kouření zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce MeSH
• prevence kouření * MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• tabák MeSH
• tabákové výrobky * MeSH
• tabákový průmysl * MeSH
• vládní regulace MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem zákonodárství a právo   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Finsko MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was ratified in 2004 in Slovakia and in 2005 in Finland. The aim of this study was to compare the implementation of the FCTC in the national laws and policies regarding smoking in Finland and Slovakia. METHODS: In this case study the following areas are compared: the legal framework; the monitoring system and health promotion; treatment; and policies aimed at reducing tobacco consumption. We report on these in this order after a short historical introduction. RESULTS: The legal frameworks are similar in Slovakia and in Finland. Finland far exceeds the minimum legal requirements. Slovakian regulations reflect the FCTC requirements; however, social tolerance is very high. In Finland the monitoring system and health promotion are aimed more at tobacco consumption. Slovakia does not follow the surveillance plans recommended by WHO so strictly; often there are no current data available. No additional documents regarding the FCTC have been adopted in Slovakia. The financial contribution to treatment is very low. Slovakian tobacco control policy is more focused on repression than on prevention, in contrast to Finland. Smoking bans meet European standards. Excise duties rise regularly in both countries. CONCLUSION: Implementation of the FCTC is at different levels in the compared countries. Finland has a clear plan for achieving the goal of a smoking-free country. Slovakia meets only the minimum standard required for fulfillment of its international obligations. Its policy should become more transparent by making more up-to-date data available.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nekuřácká politika zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• odvykání kouření * MeSH
• podpora zdraví * MeSH
• případové studie organizací MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• tabákové výrobky * dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Finsko MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are tobacco products that produce an emission containing nicotine and other chemicals, which is then inhaled by users. HTPs are a re-emerging class of tobacco products marketed as so-called potentially reduced-exposure products, or even as modified-risk tobacco products. Currently there is insufficient evidence to conclude that HTPs are less harmful than conventional cigarettes. In fact, there are concerns that while they may expose users to lower levels of some toxicants than conventional cigarettes, they also expose users to higher levels of other toxicants. It is not clear how this toxicological profile translates into short- and long-term health effects. The Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) recognizes HTPs as tobacco products and therefore considers them to be subject to the provisions of the WHO FCTC.

• MeSH
• kouření tabáku MeSH
• nikotin MeSH
• tabákové výrobky MeSH
• užívání tabáku MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO