To understand how the gut microbiome is impacted by human adaptation to varying environments, we explored gut bacterial communities in the BaAka rainforest hunter-gatherers and their agriculturalist Bantu neighbors in the Central African Republic. Although the microbiome of both groups is compositionally similar, hunter-gatherers harbor increased abundance of Prevotellaceae, Treponema, and Clostridiaceae, while the Bantu gut microbiome is dominated by Firmicutes. Comparisons with US Americans reveal microbiome differences between Africans and westerners but show western-like features in the Bantu, including an increased abundance of predictive carbohydrate and xenobiotic metabolic pathways. In contrast, the hunter-gatherer gut shows increased abundance of predicted virulence, amino acid, and vitamin metabolism functions, as well as dominance of lipid and amino-acid-derived metabolites, as determined through metabolomics. Our results demonstrate gradients of traditional subsistence patterns in two neighboring African groups and highlight the adaptability of the microbiome in response to host ecology.

• MeSH
• Bacteroidetes genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• bakteriální RNA genetika   MeSH
• černoši MeSH
• Firmicutes genetika   MeSH
• genové regulační sítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární typizace MeSH
• paleolitická dieta MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza RNA MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra genetika   MeSH
• západní dieta MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH
• Středoafrická republika MeSH

Juraj Henisch (1549-1618), bardejovský rodák, pôsobil celý život ako učiteľ na gymnáziu Sv. Anny v nemeckom Augsburgu. Bol to veľmi plodný polyhistor, publikoval duchovnú a príležitostnú poéziu, diela z lekárstva, z matematiky, rétoriky, dialektiky, astronómie, lingvistiky, geografie, vydal niektorých antických autorov a niekoľko prekladov. V roku 1573 vydal farmaceutickú príručku Enchiridion medicinae, ktorá obsahuje liečivá a liečebné prostriedky na jednotlivé zdravotné problémy bez bližšieho komentáru o účinkoch a spôsobe použitia. Táto príručka však mala predchodcu, vydanie ktoré vyšlo v Paríži v roku 1571, ale bez udania autora a nie je isté, že J. Henisch bol jeho autorom. Text oboch vydaní je fakticky totožný, vyskytujú sa len minimálne odchýlky, ale druhé vydanie má dlhší názov, je rozšírené o úvod a záverečné časti obsahujúce niektoré recepty. V roku 1571, keď vyšlo prvé vydanie, resp. v roku 1573, mal J. Henisch len 22, resp. v roku 1573 len 24 rokov, a teda zrejme životné skúsenosti neprichádzajú do úvahy. Porovnanie diela so súdobou lekárskou literatúrou ukázalo, že Enchiridion medicinae nie je pôvodné dielo, ale že je to kompilácia z troch prác iných autorov: De materia medicinali, et compositione medicamentorum od G. Rondeleta z roku 1556, komentár francúzskeho autora Sebastiena Coquillata Scipiona ku Galénovmu dielu Quos, quibus quando purgare oporteat z roku 1553 a z knihy Lilium medicinae od Bernarda de Gordon z roku 1550.

Georg Henisch (1549-1618), a native of Bardejov, for all of his life as a teacher at St. Anne´s Grammar School in Augsburg, Germany. He was a very prolific polyhistor, publishing spiritual and occasional poetry, works on medicine, mathematics, rhetoric, dialectics, astronomy, linguistics and geography, editions of some ancient authors, and several translations. In 1573 he issued the pharmaceutical guide Enchiridion medicinae, which presents medications and remedies for individual health problems without any further comment on their effects and usage. However, this guide had a precursor, published in Paris in 1571, but with no mention of the author, and it is not certain that Henisch produced it. The text is de facto identical, there are only minimal variations, but the second edition has a longer title, it is extended with an introduction and the final part containing some prescriptions. In 1571, when the first edition was issued, Henisch was just 22-years old, and in 1573 he was still only 24, so in his case life experience cannot be taken into account. Comparison of the work with contemporary medical literature has shown that Enchiridion medicinae is not an original work, but a compilation of three works by other authors: De materia medicinali et compositione medicorum by G. Rondelet from 1556, a commentary to Galen´s Quos, quibus quando purgare oporteat by the French author Sebastien Coquilitus Scipio from 1553, and the book Lilium medicinae by Bernard de Gordon from 1550.

• MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny lékárnictví MeSH
• farmacie * MeSH
• farmakopea jako téma dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• Publikační typ
• biografie MeSH
• historické články MeSH

• O autorovi
• Henisch, Juraj, 1549-1618 Autorita

It is well known that road transport emits various trace elements into the environment, which are deposited in soils in the vicinity of roads, so-called roadside soils, and thus contributes to the deterioration of their chemical state. The aim of this work was to determine concentrations of some metals and metalloids (arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)) in soils from crossroads with traffic signals, which are characterized by deceleration of vehicles and increased emissions of elements related mainly to brake and tyre wear. The results confirmed a moderate enrichment of soils with Cu, Pb, and Zn (enrichment factor (EF) values > 2) and significant enrichment for Sb (EF > 5), while the other elements showed no or minimal enrichment. The age of crossroads proved to have a positive influence on the accumulation of some elements in soils with the largest differences for Cu, Fe, Pb, Sb, and Zn (p < 0.001). Traffic volumes expressed as the average daily traffic intensity (ADTI) also positively influenced soil concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn, while distance to the crossroad had a significant negative effect on the soil concentration of Cu, Sb, and Zn (p < 0.001). The stable isotopic ratios of Pb, 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb, ranging from 1.1414 to 1.2046 and from 2.0375 to 2.1246, respectively, pointed to the mixed natural-anthropic origin of Pb in the soils of crossroads with a visible contribution of traffic-related sources. Based on the above findings combined with covariance among the studied elements using statistical methods applied to compositionally transformed data, it was possible to show that Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn clearly originated from road traffic.

• MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• půda MeSH
• stopové prvky * analýza   MeSH
• těžké kovy * analýza   MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH

Today, it is proven that the contaminated urban soils are hazardous for the human health. Soil substrates of playgrounds call for special research as they are places where children are directly exposed to soil contaminants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to measure the pseudo-total contents and bioaccessibility of several metals and metalloids (As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V, Zn) in two grain sizes (< 150 μm and < 50 μm) of playground soils in Bratislava city (the capital of Slovakia). The content of metal(loid)s in the soils was controlled by a number of factors, with their increased contents (above 75% percentile or higher) at sites influenced by point sources of pollution (industry and agriculture) or at old sites located in the city centre. Cobalt, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and V had relatively uniform contents in soils compared to the other elements. As regression modelling with a categorical variable confirmed, the age of urban areas influenced the accumulation of As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb and Sn in playground soils. Exploratory statistical techniques with compositionally transformed data (principal component analysis, cluster analysis and construction of symmetric coordinates for correlation analysis) divided trace elements into the two main groupings, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, V and Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn. Median concentrations of the elements in smaller soil grains (< 50 μm) were significantly higher than in coarser grains (< 150 μm). Cobalt, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sn and Zn had significantly higher bioaccessible proportions (% of the pseudo-total content) in < 50 μm soil size than in < 150 μm; however, the same order of bioaccessibility was achieved in both grain sizes. The highest bioaccessibility had Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (~ 40% and more), followed by Co, As, Mn, Sb (18-27%), Hg, Ni, Sn (10-12%) and finally Cr, Fe and V (less than 4%). The hazard index and carcinogenic risk values were higher in < 50 μm than in < 150 μm and significantly decreased in the two soil sizes when the bioaccessibility results were included in the health hazard calculation.

• MeSH
• biologická dostupnost MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• karcinogeny analýza   MeSH
• kovy analýza   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• polokovy analýza   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• stopové prvky analýza   farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• veřejné parky MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH

• MeSH
• filozofie MeSH
• lingvistika MeSH

• Konspekt
• Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce
• NLK Obory
• lingvistika, lékařská terminologie
• humanitní vědy a umění