Today, it is proven that the contaminated urban soils are hazardous for the human health. Soil substrates of playgrounds call for special research as they are places where children are directly exposed to soil contaminants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to measure the pseudo-total contents and bioaccessibility of several metals and metalloids (As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V, Zn) in two grain sizes (< 150 μm and < 50 μm) of playground soils in Bratislava city (the capital of Slovakia). The content of metal(loid)s in the soils was controlled by a number of factors, with their increased contents (above 75% percentile or higher) at sites influenced by point sources of pollution (industry and agriculture) or at old sites located in the city centre. Cobalt, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and V had relatively uniform contents in soils compared to the other elements. As regression modelling with a categorical variable confirmed, the age of urban areas influenced the accumulation of As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb and Sn in playground soils. Exploratory statistical techniques with compositionally transformed data (principal component analysis, cluster analysis and construction of symmetric coordinates for correlation analysis) divided trace elements into the two main groupings, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, V and Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn. Median concentrations of the elements in smaller soil grains (< 50 μm) were significantly higher than in coarser grains (< 150 μm). Cobalt, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sn and Zn had significantly higher bioaccessible proportions (% of the pseudo-total content) in < 50 μm soil size than in < 150 μm; however, the same order of bioaccessibility was achieved in both grain sizes. The highest bioaccessibility had Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (~ 40% and more), followed by Co, As, Mn, Sb (18-27%), Hg, Ni, Sn (10-12%) and finally Cr, Fe and V (less than 4%). The hazard index and carcinogenic risk values were higher in < 50 μm than in < 150 μm and significantly decreased in the two soil sizes when the bioaccessibility results were included in the health hazard calculation.
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- karcinogeny analýza MeSH
- kovy analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- polokovy analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- stopové prvky analýza farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- veřejné parky MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
A total of eighty surface soil samples were collected from public kindergartens and urban parks in the city of Bratislava, and the <150µm soil fraction was evaluated for total concentrations of five metals, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, their oral bioaccessibilities, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to children, and lead isotopic composition. The mean metal concentrations in urban soils (0.29, 36.1, 0.13, 30.9 and 113mg/kg for Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively) were about two times higher compared with background soil concentrations. The order of bioaccessible metal fractions determined by Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test was: Pb (59.9%) > Cu (43.8%) > Cd (40.8%) > Zn (33.6%) > Hg (12.8%). Variations in the bioaccessible metal fractions were mainly related to the total metal concentrations in urban soils. A relatively wide range of lead isotopic ratios in urban soils (1.1598-1.2088 for 206Pb/207Pb isotopic ratio) indicated a combination of anthropogenic and geogenic sources of metals in the soils. Lower values of 206Pb/207Pb isotopic ratio in the city centre and similar spatial distribution of total metal concentrations, together with their increasing total concentrations in soils towards the city centre, showed that traffic and coal combustion in former times were likely the major sources of soil contamination. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to children due to exposure to metals in kindergarten and urban park soils were low, with hazard index and cancer risk values below the threshold values at all studied sites.
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- stopové prvky analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- trávení MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- MeSH
- esenciální mastné kyseliny farmakokinetika nedostatek MeSH
- ikosanoidy farmakokinetika škodlivé účinky MeSH
- imunitní systém fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- probiotika terapeutické užití MeSH
- stopové prvky farmakokinetika MeSH
- vitaminy farmakokinetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Although the metabolic and toxicological interactions between essential element selenium (Se) and toxic element cadmium (Cd) have been reported for a long time, the experimental studies explored mostly acute, high-dose interactions. Limited data are available regarding the effects of Se-deficiency on toxicokinetics of cadmium, as well as on the levels of key trace elements--copper, zinc, and iron. In the present study, male and female Wistar weanling rats (n = 40/41) were fed either Se-deficient or Se-adequate diet (<0.06 or 0.14 mg Se per kilogram diet, respectively) for 12 weeks, and from week 9 were drinking water containing 0 or 50 mg Cd/l as cadmium chloride. At the end of the 12-week period, trace element concentrations were estimated by AAS. Selenium-deficient rats of both genders showed significantly lower accumulation of cadmium in the liver, compared to Se-adequate rats. Zinc and iron hepatic levels were not affected by Se-deficiency. However, a significant elevation of copper was found in the liver of Se-deficient rats of both genders. Cadmium supplementation increased zinc and decreased iron hepatic level, regardless of Se status and decreased copper concentration in Se-adequate rats. Se-deficiency was also found to influence the effectiveness of cadmium mobilization in male rats.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chlorid kademnatý metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- kadmium aplikace a dávkování metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- odstavení MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- selen aplikace a dávkování nedostatek metabolismus MeSH
- spektrofotometrie atomová MeSH
- stopové prvky metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Nutraceutika jsou funkční potraviny či doplňky stravy, které jsou svými účinky na lidský organizmus blízké lékům, i když většinou bývá prokázána účinnost v prevenci onemocnění. Nutraceutika jsou rozdílná svým chemickým složením a působí na různé orgány lidského těla. Účinky některých skupin nutraceutik na imunitní systém jsou potvrzeny klinickými studiemi, například účinek probiotik, prebiotik, esenciálních mastných kyselin.
Nutraceutics are functional foods or food supplements that are close to medications in their action on the human organism although, more often than not, effectiveness in preventing diseases is confirmed. Nutraceutics differ in their chemical composition and affect various organs of the human body. The effects of some groups of nutraceutics on the immune system have been confirmed in clinical trials, e.g. those of probiotics, prebiotics, and essential fatty acids.
- MeSH
- esenciální mastné kyseliny farmakokinetika nedostatek MeSH
- ikosanoidy farmakokinetika škodlivé účinky MeSH
- imunitní systém fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- probiotika terapeutické užití MeSH
- stopové prvky farmakokinetika MeSH
- vitaminy farmakokinetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Nutraceutika jsou funkční potraviny či doplňky stravy, které jsou svými účinky na lidský organizmus blízké lékům, i když většinou bývá prokázána účinnost v prevenci onemocnění. Nutraceutika jsou rozdílná svým chemickým složením a působí na různé orgány lidského těla. Účinky některých skupin nutraceutik na imunitní systém jsou potvrzeny klinickými studiemi, například účinek probiotik, prebiotik, esenciálních mastných kyselin.
Nutraceutics are functional foods or food supplements that are close to medications in their action on the human organism although, more often than not, effectiveness in preventing diseases is confirmed. Nutraceutics differ in their chemical composition and affect various organs of the human body. The effects of some groups of nutraceutics on the immune system have been confirmed in clinical trials, e.g. those of probiotics, prebiotics, and essential fatty acids.
- MeSH
- esenciální mastné kyseliny farmakokinetika nedostatek MeSH
- ikosanoidy farmakokinetika škodlivé účinky MeSH
- imunitní systém fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- probiotika terapeutické užití MeSH
- stopové prvky farmakokinetika MeSH
- vitaminy farmakokinetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Curcumin (diferuoyl methane) from turmeric is a well-known biologically active compound. It has been shown to ameliorate oxidative stress and it is considered to be a potent cancer chemopreventive agent. In our previous study the antioxidative effects of curcumin in cadmium exposed animals were demonstrated. Also manganese exerts protective effects in experimental cadmium intoxication. The present study examined the ability of the manganese complex of curcumin (Mn-curcumin) and curcumin to protect against oxidative damage and changes in trace element status in cadmium-intoxicated male mice. Curcumin or Mn-curcumin were administered at equimolar doses (0.14 mmol/kg b.w.) for 3 days, by gastric gavages, dispersed in methylcellulose. One hour after the last dose of antioxidants, cadmium chloride (33 micromol/kg) was administered subcutaneously. Both curcumin and Mn-curcumin prevented the increase of hepatic lipid peroxidation -- expressed as MDA level, induced by cadmium intoxication and attenuated the Cd-induced decrease of hepatic GSH level. No change in hepatic glutathione peroxidase or catalase activities was found in Cd-exposed mice. A decreased GSH-Px activity was measured in curcumin and Mn-curcumin alone treated mice. Neither curcumin nor Mn-curcumin treatment influenced cadmium distribution in the tissues and did not correct the changes in the balance of essential elements caused by Cd-treatment. The treatment with Mn-curcumin increased the Fe and Mn content in the kidneys of both control and Cd-treated mice and Fe and Cu content in the brain of control mice. In conclusion, regarding the antioxidative action, introducing manganese into the curcumin molecule does not potentiate the studied effects of curcumin. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- MeSH
- chlorid kademnatý farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- glutathion metabolismus MeSH
- inbrední kmeny myší MeSH
- kurkumin farmakologie MeSH
- lipidové peroxidy metabolismus MeSH
- mangan farmakologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- organokovové sloučeniny farmakologie MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky záření MeSH
- stopové prvky farmakokinetika MeSH
- tkáňová distribuce MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- lišky metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- sperma metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- spermie patologie účinky léků MeSH
- stopové prvky farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
For human beings trace elements are essential nutrients with a gamut of functions. They are for instance indispensable components of many enzymes, so they have some regulatory functions and they may affect immune reactions and free radical generation. Altered blood levels of different trace elements have been described in patients with advanced renal failure and especially in those treated by different kinds of renal replacement therapy. Altered renal function may result in impaired renal excretion of trace elements and their accumulation or depletion in the body. The dialysate concentrate and water used for preparing the dialysate may be an important source of the accumulation or depletion of trace elements in dialyzed patients. The gain or loss of trace elements during dialysis depends on the gradient between the ultrafiltrable fraction of a particular element in serum and its concentration in the dialysis fluid, and also on the type and permeability of the dialysis membrane. There are some methodological problems concerning the handling and storing of blood samples and measurement techniques leading to the rather inconsistent results of different studies concerning trace elements in renal disease. Geographical variations and environmental contamination of soil and water and different dietary habits may significantly influence trace elements in these patients. The abnormalities of trace elements are primarily the result of uremia, and they may be further modified and sometimes greatly exacerbated by the dialysis procedure.
- MeSH
- artefakty MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- chemické techniky analytické metody MeSH
- chronické selhání ledvin * metabolismus terapie MeSH
- dialýza ledvin přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- difuze MeSH
- flebotomie přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- hemodialyzační roztoky analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- stopové prvky analýza aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
