Members of Hymenochaetaceae fungi are among well-known macromycetes with various medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological activities of Phellinus tuberculosus and Fuscoporia ferruginosa collected in Iran. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of the two species were examined, and their phenolic and polysaccharide contents were quantified. Compounds were characterized by HPLC-DAD chromatography and LC-ESI-MS/MS spectroscopy. According to our results, the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of P. tuberculosus extracts were stronger than F. ferruginosa. Also, the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts was higher than the aqueous extract. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to all extracts, especially Streptococcus mutans with a MIC of 0.7 mg/mL and MBC of 6.25 mg/mL. HPLC-DAD analyses detected gallic acid, caffeic acid, and syringic acid in both fungi. The LC-ESI-MS/MS confirmed the detected compounds in HPLC-DAD and showed the presence of several phenolic compounds such as phellifuropyranone, phelligridin, and hispidin, besides others. This study showed that F. ferruginosa and P. tuberculosus are potent medicinal fungi with antibacterial and antioxidant properties, with no toxic effect on normal HDF cells, and possess various bioactive compounds including styrylpyrone-type phenols with well-known bioactivities.

• MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents * chemistry   isolation & purification   pharmacology   MeSH
• Antioxidants * chemistry   isolation & purification   pharmacology   MeSH
• Basidiomycota * chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Chromatography, Liquid MeSH
• Gram-Positive Bacteria drug effects   MeSH
• Phellinus chemistry   MeSH
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry MeSH
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Iran MeSH

• Conspectus
• Lesnictví

The genus Antrodiella includes resupinate and pileate species of polypores with a dimitic hyphal system, small, globose to cylindrical basidiospores, absence of cystidia, tetrapolar mating system, and haplo-dikaryotic nuclear behavior. Recent studies, however, indicate that Antrodiella is highly polyphyletic, so many of its species have been transferred to other genera. This study reviews the systematic status and diversity of Antrodiella from the Neotropics based, in part, on studies of type specimens. Collections from Brazil were used for molecular analysis of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and portions of genes encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). Eight genera are confirmed to include Neotropical species treated as Antrodiella in a broad sense: Aegis, Antrodiella s. str., Flaviporus, Metuloidea, Mycorrhaphium, Rickiopora, Trametopsis, and Trullella. Molecular data reveal the occurrence of two new species, described as Antrodiella trivialis, the only Neotropical species of Antrodiella s. str. known so far, and Mycorrhaphium hispidum. In addition, Antrodiella luteocontexta was found to nest in the genus Aegis, close to the Grifolaceae and Polyporaceae; therefore, the new combination Aegis luteocontexta is proposed. Comments on the eight Antrodiella-related genera as well as species with uncertain taxonomic position are provided, together with a key to their identification.

• MeSH
• DNA, Fungal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Peptide Elongation Factor 1 genetics   MeSH
• Phylogeny * MeSH
• Genetic Variation * MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal Spacer chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Polyporales classification   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 28S genetics   MeSH
• RNA Polymerase II genetics   MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Cluster Analysis MeSH
• Tropical Climate MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Brazil MeSH

Porodaedalea is a polypore genus of the Hymenochaetales that encompasses pathogens of conifer trees. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive study of the phylogeny and diversity of Porodaedalea based on collections and isolates from Europe, North America, North Africa, and Asia. Phylogenetic analysis of a two-gene data set, nuc ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), shows that 20 terminal clades that correspond to phylogenetic species well supported within Porodaedalea. Based on morphological evidence, five new species, P. alpicola, P. indica, P. kesiyae, P. microsperma, and P. yunnanensis, are described and illustrated. In addition, four still unnamed lineages are detected in North America and East Asia.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota classification   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Tracheophyta microbiology   MeSH
• DNA, Fungal genetics   MeSH
• Phylogeny * MeSH
• Phylogeography MeSH
• Genetic Variation * MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S genetics   MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Cluster Analysis MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Asia MeSH
• Europe MeSH
• Africa, Northern MeSH
• North America MeSH

Previously, Pyrrhoderma accommodated two polypore species, P. adamantinum and P. scaurum; however, phylogenetic studies indicated that these two species were not congeneric within the Hymenochaetaceae and that P. adamantinum formed a clade with Phellinidium noxium. To resolve the relationships among the two species of Pyrrhoderma and other related taxa, specimens from China, Costa Rica, Singapore, and Thailand were studied from both morphological and phylogenetic perspectives. A new genus, Fulvoderma, is erected to accommodate F. scaurum comb. nov., and a new species, F. australe (the generic type). Pyrrhoderma is delimited to include the generic type, P. sendaiense (a later synonym of P. adamantinum); two new combinations, P. lamaënse comb. nov., and P. noxium comb. nov.; and three new species, P. hainanense, P. thailandicum, and P. yunnanense. In addition, an undescribed lineage including several specimens from subtropical and tropical forests in China, Costa Rica, Singapore, and Thailand also nested within the Pyrrhoderma clade. However, as the voucher specimens are sterile or almost so, they are not described. The concept of Pyrrhoderma was emended to also accommodate species bearing resupinate, effuse-reflexed basidiocarps, hymenial or hyphoid setae, and non-subglobose basidiospores. Keys to Fulvoderma and Pyrrhoderma are provided.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota classification   genetics   growth & development   isolation & purification   MeSH
• DNA, Fungal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Fungal genetics   MeSH
• Phylogeny * MeSH
• Genes, rRNA MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal Spacer chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Microscopy MeSH
• Fruiting Bodies, Fungal growth & development   MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 28S genetics   MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Cluster Analysis MeSH
• Spores, Fungal cytology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Asia MeSH
• Costa Rica MeSH

Fomitiporella accommodates polypores producing annual to perennial basidiocarps with an indistinct subiculum (very thin to almost lacking), mostly a dimitic hyphal structure, lacking any kind of setae, with brownish, thick-walled basidiospores, and causing a white rot. Previously, only a few samples of Fomitiporella were studied on the basis of morphological and nuc 28S rDNA (28S)-based phylogenetic analyses. In this study, we made a comprehensive study on Fomitiporella on the basis of collections from Central America, USA, Europe, and China. The phylogenetic analysis, including 28 nuc 28S rDNA and 29 nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) sequences newly generated, discovered 14 new lineages. Combined with morphological evidence, 4 new lineages are described and illustrated as new species, viz., Fomitiporella americana, F. micropora, F. sinica, and F. subinermis; 10 other new lineages, each with a single collection, are still treated as unidentified taxa; three new combinations, viz., Fomitiporella tenuissima, F. chinensis, and F. resupinata, are proposed. In addition, F. inermis is redescribed. A key to the 12 known species of Fomitiporella is provided.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota classification   cytology   genetics   MeSH
• Biodiversity * MeSH
• DNA, Fungal genetics   MeSH
• Species Specificity MeSH
• Phylogeny * MeSH
• Hyphae cytology   MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal Spacer genetics   MeSH
• Mycological Typing Techniques MeSH
• Fruiting Bodies, Fungal cytology   MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal genetics   MeSH
• Spores, Fungal cytology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• China MeSH
• Europe MeSH
• Central America MeSH

Rigidoporus and its morphologically similar genera Physisporinus, Oxyporus, and Leucophellinus, which include some forest pathogens and medicinal species, are very important groups of wood-decaying fungi. Species of these genera have not only ecological functions, but also economic importance. Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on taxa in these genera were carried out. Inferred from phylogenies based on DNA sequences of the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) and D1-D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA, 36 species sampled that traditionally belong to Physisporinus, Rigidoporus, Leucophellinus, and Oxyporus are nested mostly in eight lineages. Of these lineages, five (including four genera of Physisporinus, Emmia, Flaviporus, and Flavodon and one taxon "R. hypobrunneus") belong to Polyporales and three (including the genera Rigidoporus, Bridgeoporus, and Leucophellinus) belong to Hymenochaetales. Rigidoporus and Oxyporus are merged because the type species of both genera are nested in a single lineage within Hymenochaetales. Some taxon previously placed in Ceriporia and Oxyporus are transferred to Emmia and Flavodon, respectively, on the basis of current phylogeny. Utilizing a combination of the morphological and phylogenetic evidence, 16 new combinations in Bridgeoporus, Emmia, Flaviporus, Flavodon, Rigidoporus, and Physisporinus are proposed. Five new species, Physisporinus crataegi, P. lavendulus, P. subcrocatus, P. tibeticus, and Rigidoporus submicroporus, are recognized from China. Illustrated descriptions of these novel species are provided. Three taxa are treated at the generic level of Physisporinus because of limited samples.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota classification   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• DNA, Fungal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Phylogeny * MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal Spacer chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 28S genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S genetics   MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Cluster Analysis MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• China MeSH

Onnia includes white rotting polypores with annual basidiocarps, a duplex context, monomitic hyphal structure, hymenial setae, and hyaline, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores. Specimens of Onnia, originating mainly from East Asia, Europe, and North America, were studied using both morphology and phylogenetic analyses. Our concatenated data set was derived from 25 collections and included (i) 25 nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), 17 generated in this study; and (ii) 14 nuc rDNA 28S rDNA sequences, including the D1-D2 domains, 11 of them generated in this study. The resulting maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies recovered all sampled collections of Onnia as a well-supported clade. In this clade, three previously accepted species, viz., Onnia leporina, O. tomentosa, and O. triquetra, received strong support, whereas three additional lineages with strong support represent the new species described in this paper, O. subtriquetra, O. microspora, and O. tibetica. Of the six Onnia species occurring on gymnosperms, O. tomentosa and O. leporina grow mainly on Picea and have circumboreal distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, other species that mostly grow on Pinus are geographically restricted to limited regions, viz., O. triquetra in Europe, O. subtriquetra in North America, and O. microspora and O. tibetica in Asia.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota classification   cytology   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Pinus microbiology   MeSH
• DNA, Fungal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Phylogeography * MeSH
• Genetic Variation * MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal Spacer chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Microscopy MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 28S genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S genetics   MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Cluster Analysis MeSH
• Picea microbiology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Asia, Eastern MeSH
• Europe MeSH
• North America MeSH

Phellinidium, including 13 accepted polypore species mostly with resupinate basidiocarps, is one of the most aggressive forest pathogenic genera. This genus is characterized by the combination of a monomitic hyphal structure, abundant hyphoid setae in the context and trama, and hyaline and thin-walled basidiospores. To explore the relationships among the species of Phellinidium, especially those between forest pathogens and saprophytes, we examined 29 specimens representing all 13 previously known species from Asia, Europe and America from morphological and phylogenetic perspectives. A new genus, Coniferiporia, was found to segregate from Phellinidium for three aggressive forest pathogens, and three new combinations, viz. Coniferiporia qilianensis (the generic type), Coniferiporia weirii and Coniferiporia sulphurascens, were proposed. Phellinidium cryptocystidiatum was treated as a synonym of C. sulphurascens. The circumscription of Phellinidium was delimited to accommodate Phellinidium asiaticum, Phellinidium ferrugineofuscum (the generic type), Phellinidium fragrans and Phellinidium pouzarii. Accordingly, the concept of Phellinidium was emended to accommodate resupinate species bearing cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid or allantoid basidiospores. No species of Phellinidium under the new circumscription has been reported to be a forest pathogen. Phellinidium noxium and Phellinidium rufitinctum were excluded from Phellinidium, while the taxonomical positions of Phellinidium aciferum, Phellinidium lamaënse, and Phellinidium orientale are still uncertain.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota classification   cytology   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• DNA, Fungal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Fungal genetics   MeSH
• Phylogeny * MeSH
• Genes, rRNA MeSH
• Hyphae cytology   MeSH
• Forests MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal Spacer chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Plant Diseases microbiology   MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal genetics   MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Cluster Analysis MeSH
• Spores, Fungal cytology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Americas MeSH
• Asia MeSH
• Europe MeSH

Ceriporiopsis latemarginata and Antrodiella angulatopora are two Neotropical polypores that are very similar morphologically and are characterized by effused-reflexed basidiomes, large angular pores, small ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores and a monomitic hyphal system with presence of thick-walled hyphae with infrequent clamps. In order to verify the evolutionary relations of C. latemarginata and to find its taxonomic placement, morphological, biological, and phylogenetic studies were carried out, as well as comparisons with Antrodiella s.s. and Ceriporiopsis s.s. Mono- and poly-sporic cultures were obtained and used for mating system and nuclear behaviour studies, as well as for DNA sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit of ribosomal RNA gene, translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit-like gene. Type specimens of C. latemarginata and A. angulatopora were morphologically examined and their synonymy was confirmed. The results obtained support the description of a new polypore genus Rickiopora in the residual polyporoid clade characterized by a bipolar mating system, an astatocoenocytic nuclear behaviour, and a monomitic hyphal system that display a metachromatic reaction in cresyl blue.

• MeSH
• DNA, Fungal chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Peptide Elongation Factor 1 genetics   MeSH
• Genes, Mating Type, Fungal MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• DNA, Ribosomal Spacer chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Microscopy MeSH
• Polyporales classification   cytology   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• RNA Polymerase II genetics   MeSH
• Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
• Cluster Analysis MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH