Putative endophytes of Miscanthus × giganteus were isolated, and screened in the laboratory, greenhouse and field for their plant growth promoting properties in this host. Pantoea ananatis and Pseudomonas savastanoi were the predominant bacteria in leaves whereas other pseudomonads prevailed in roots. Almost all fungal endophytes belonged to the Pezizomycotina and most were isolated from roots; Fusarium oxysporum was most abundant, followed by the genera Periconia, Exophiala, Microdochium and Leptodontidium. All endophytic groups produced phytohormones and some bacteria also produced siderophores, solubilised P and exhibited ACC-deaminase activity in vitro. In subsequent pot experiments with pre-selected endophytes, several isolates including pseudomonads, Variovorax paradoxus, Verticillium leptobactrum, Halenospora sp. and Exophiala sp. enhanced Miscanthus growth in gamma-sterilised soil. These promising Miscanthus-derived isolates were tested either as single or mixed inocula along with a mixed bacterial inoculum originating from poplar. No significant effects of inocula were detected in a pot experiment in non-sterilised soil. On two marginal field sites the mixture of bacterial endophytes from poplar had a consistently negative effect on survival and growth of Miscanthus. Contrarily, mixtures consisting of bacteria or fungi originating from Miscanthus promoted growth of their host, especially on the heavy metals-polluted site. The combination of bacteria and fungi was inferior to the mixtures consisting of bacteria or fungi alone. Our observations indicate extensive potential of mixed bacterial and fungal endophytic inocula to promote establishment and yield of Miscanthus grown on marginal and polluted land and emphasise the necessity to test particular microbial-plant host combinations. Morphotypes of fungi isolates from Miscanthus × giganteus.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• endofyty klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• houby klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• lipnicovité mikrobiologie   MeSH
• listy rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Populus mikrobiologie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• siderofory metabolismus   MeSH
• těžké kovy MeSH
• vývoj rostlin * MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Similarly to plants from terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic species harbour wide spectra of root-associated fungi (RAF). However, comparably less is known about fungal diversity in submerged roots. We assessed the incidence and diversity of RAF in submerged aquatic plants using microscopy, culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. We studied RAF of five submerged isoetid species collected in four oligotrophic freshwater lakes in Norway. Levels of dark septate endophytes (DSE) colonization differed among the lakes and were positively related to the organic matter content and negatively related to pH. In total, we identified 41 fungal OTUs using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, belonging to Mucoromycotina, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota as well as Basidiomycota. Sequences corresponding to aquatic hyphomycetes (e.g. Nectria lugdunensis, Tetracladium furcatum and Varicosporium elodeae) were obtained. Eight arbuscular mycorrhizal taxa belonging to the orders Archaeosporales, Diversisporales and Glomerales were also detected. However, the vast majority of the fungal species detected (e.g. Ceratobasidium sp., Cryptosporiopsis rhizophila, Leptodontidium orchidicola, and Tuber sp.) have previously been known only from roots of terrestrial plants. The abundance and phylogenetic distribution of mycorrhizal as well as nonmycorrhizal fungi in the roots of submerged plants have reshaped our views on the fungal diversity in aquatic environment.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Basidiomycota genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• endofyty klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• houby klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• jezera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• rostliny mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Norsko MeSH

Roots of terrestrial plants host a wide spectrum of soil fungi that form various parasitic, neutral and mutualistic associations. A similar trend is evident in freshwater aquatic plants and plants inhabiting salt marshes or mangroves. Marine vascular plants (seagrasses), by contrast, seem to lack specific root-fungus symbioses. We examined roots of two Mediterranean seagrasses, Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa, in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea for fungal colonization using light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We found that P. oceanica, but not C. nodosa, is regularly associated with melanized septate hyphae in a manner resembling colonization by the ubiquitous dark septate endophytes (DSE) in roots of most terrestrial plants. P. oceanica roots were found to be colonized by sparse dematiaceous running hyphae as well as dense parenchymatous nets/hyphal sheaths on the root surface, intracellular melanized microsclerotia and occasionally also intra- and intercellular hyphae. The colonization was most prominent in the thick-walled hypodermis of the thinnest healthy looking roots, and the mycobiont seemed to colonize both living and dead host cells. Dark septate hyphae infrequently occurred also inside rhizodermal cells, but never colonized vascular tissues. The biological significance of this overlooked marine symbiosis remains unknown, but its morphology, extent, distribution across the NW Mediterranean Sea and absence in C. nodosa indicate an intriguing relationship between the dominant Mediterranean seagrass and its dark septate root mycobionts.

• MeSH
• Alismatales mikrobiologie   MeSH
• endofyty růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středozemní moře MeSH

The unresolved ecophysiological significance of Dark Septate Endophytes (DSE) may be in part due to existence of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species in the most common Phialocephala fortinii s. l.--Acephala applanata species complex (PAC). We inoculated three middle European forest plants (European blueberry, Norway spruce and silver birch) with 16 strains of eight PAC cryptic species and other DSE and ectomycorrhizal/ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and focused on intraradical structures possibly representing interfaces for plant-fungus nutrient transfer and on host growth response. The PAC species Acephala applanata simultaneously formed structures resembling ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM) and DSE microsclerotia in blueberry. A. macrosclerotiorum, a close relative to PAC, formed ectomycorrhizae with spruce but not with birch, and structures resembling ErM in blueberry. Phialocephala glacialis, another close relative to PAC, formed structures resembling ErM in blueberry. In blueberry, six PAC strains significantly decreased dry shoot biomass compared to ErM control. In birch, one A. macrosclerotiorum strain increased root biomass and the other shoot biomass in comparison with non-inoculated control. The dual mycorrhizal ability of A. macrosclerotiorum suggested that it may form mycorrhizal links between Ericaceae and Pinaceae. However, we were unable to detect this species in Ericaceae roots growing in a forest with presence of A. macrosclerotiorum ectomycorrhizae. Nevertheless, the diversity of Ericaceae mycobionts was high (380 OTUs) with individual sites often dominated by hitherto unreported helotialean and chaetothyrialean/verrucarialean species; in contrast, typical ErM fungi were either absent or low in abundance. Some DSE apparently have a potential to form mycorrhizae with typical middle European forest plants. However, except A. applanata, the tested representatives of all hitherto described PAC cryptic species formed typical DSE colonization without specific structures necessary for mycorrhizal nutrient transport. A. macrosclerotiorum forms ectomycorrhiza with conifers but not with broadleaves and probably does not form common mycorrhizal networks between conifers with Ericaceae.

• MeSH
• endofyty MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• smrk mikrobiologie   MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) form symbiotic relationships with plants influencing their productivity, diversity and ecosystem functions. Only a few studies on these fungi, however, have been conducted in extreme elevations and none over 5500 m a.s.l., although vascular plants occur up to 6150 m a.s.l. in the Himalayas. We quantified AMF and DSE in roots of 62 plant species from contrasting habitats along an elevational gradient (3400-6150 m) in the Himalayas using a combination of optical microscopy and next generation sequencing. We linked AMF and DSE communities with host plant evolutionary history, ecological preferences (elevation and habitat type) and functional traits. We detected AMF in elevations up to 5800 m, indicating it is more constrained by extreme conditions than the host plants, which ascend up to 6150 m. In contrast, DSE were found across the entire gradient up to 6150 m. AMF diversity was unimodally related to elevation and positively related to the intensity of AMF colonization. Mid-elevation steppe and alpine plants hosted more diverse AMF communities than plants from deserts and the subnival zone. Our results bring novel insights to the abiotic and biotic filters structuring AMF and DSE communities in the Himalayas.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• endofyty klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• mykorhiza klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

The most diverse and versatile endophytic actinobacteria are relatively unexplored potential sources of bioactive metabolites useful for different medical, agricultural, and other commercial applications. Their diversity in symbiotic association with traditionally utilized medicinal plants of northeast India is scantly available. The present investigation assessed the genetic diversity of endophytic actinobacteria (n = 120) distributed around the root, stem, and leaf tissues of six selected medicinal plants (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, T. arjuna, Murraya koenigii, Rauwolfia serpentina, and Azadirachta indica) from three different protected areas of evergreen forest-the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary (GWS), the Kaziranga National Park (KNP), and the North East Ecological Park (NEEP) of Assam, India. The samples were collected in two seasons (summer and winter). The overall phylogenetic analysis showed significant genetic diversity with 18 distinct genera belonging to 12 families. Overall, the occurrence of Streptomyces genus was predominant across all three sampling sites (76.66%), in both the sampling season (summer and winter). Shannon's and Simpson's diversity estimates showed their presence at A. indica (1.496, 0.778), R. serpentina (1.470, 0.858), and E. officinalis (0.975, 0.353). Among the site sampled, GWS had the most diverse community of actinobacteria (Shannon = 0.86 and Simpson = 0.557). The isolates were antagonistically more active against the investigated plant pathogenic bacteria than fungal pathogens. Further analysis revealed the prevalence of polyketide synthase genes (PKS) type II (84%) and PKS type I (16%) in the genome of the antimicrobial isolates. The overall findings confirmed the presence of biosynthetically active diverse actinobacterial members in the selected medicinal plants which offer potential opportunities towards the exploration of biologically active compounds.

• MeSH
• Actinobacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• antibióza * MeSH
• Bacteria MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• endofyty klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• fyziologie bakterií MeSH
• houby fyziologie   MeSH
• léčivé rostliny mikrobiologie   MeSH
• polyketidsynthasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

Seagrasses, a small group of submerged marine macrophytes, were reported to lack mycorrhizae, i.e., the root-fungus symbioses most terrestrial plants use for nutrient uptake. On the other hand, several authors detected fungal endophytes in seagrass leaves, shoots, rhizomes, and roots, and an anatomically and morphologically unique dark septate endophytic (DSE) association has been recently described in the roots of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Nevertheless, the global diversity of seagrass mycobionts is not well understood, and it remains unclear what fungus forms the DSE association in P. oceanica roots. We isolated and determined P. oceanica root mycobionts from 11 localities in the northwest Mediterranean Sea with documented presence of the DSE association and compared our results with recent literature. The mycobiont communities were low in diversity (only three species), were dominated by a single yet unreported marine fungal species (ca. 90 % of the total 177 isolates), and lacked common terrestrial and freshwater root mycobionts. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that the dominating species represents a new monotypic lineage within the recently described Aigialaceae family (Pleosporales, Ascomycota), probably representing a new genus. Most of its examined colonies developed from intracellular microsclerotia occupying host hypodermis and resembling microsclerotia of terrestrial DSE fungi. Biological significance of this hitherto overlooked seagrass root mycobiont remains obscure, but its presence across the NW Mediterranean Sea and apparent root intracellular lifestyle indicate an intriguing symbiotic relationship with the dominant Mediterranean seagrass. Our microscopic observations suggest that it may form the DSE association recently described in P. oceanica roots.

• MeSH
• Alismatales mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• endofyty klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• spory hub klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středozemní moře MeSH

Endophytic fungi are rich sources of structurally complex chemical scaffolds with interesting biological activities. However, their metabolome is still unknown, making them appealing for novel compound discovery. To maximize the number of secondary metabolites produced from a single microbial source, we used the "OSMAC (one strain-many compounds) approach." In potato dextrose medium, M. phaseolina produced phomeolic acid (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), and a volatile compound 1,4-benzene-diol. Incorporating an epigenetic modifier, sodium valproate, affected the metabolite profile of the fungus. It produced 3-acetyl-3-methyl dihydro-furan-2(3H)-one (3) and methyl-2-(methyl-thio)-butyrate (4), plus volatile chemicals: butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), di-methyl-formamide, 3-amino-1-propanol, and 1,4-benzenediol, 2-amino-1-(O-methoxyphenyl) propane. The structure of compounds 1-4 was established with the help of spectroscopic data. This study revealed first-time compounds 1-4 in the fungus M. phaseolina using a classical and epigenetic manipulation approach.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota * metabolismus   MeSH
• benzen metabolismus   MeSH
• Brugmansia * MeSH
• butylhydroxytoluen metabolismus   MeSH
• butyráty metabolismus   MeSH
• endofyty chemie   MeSH
• epigeneze genetická MeSH
• formamidy metabolismus   MeSH
• furany metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina valproová metabolismus   MeSH
• propan metabolismus   MeSH
• toluen metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Numerous studies demonstrated that endophytic microbes can promote plant growth and increase plant stress resistance. We aimed at isolating poplar endophytes able to increase their hosts' fitness both in nutrient-limited and polluted environments. To achieve this goal, endophytic bacteria and fungi were isolated from roots and leaves of hybrid poplars (Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii clone Max-4) on an unpolluted and a risk element-polluted site in the Czech Republic and subsequently screened by a number of in vitro tests. Bacterial communities at the unpolluted site were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria with Pseudomonas sp. as the prominent member of the class, followed by Bacilli with prevailing Bacillus sp., whereas Alphaproteobacteria, mostly Rhizobium sp., prevailed at the polluted site. The fungal endophytic community was dominated by Ascomycetes and highly distinct on both sites. Dothideomycetes, mostly Cladosporium, prevailed at the non-polluted site while unclassified Sordariomycetous fungi dominated at the polluted site. Species diversity of endophytes was higher at the unpolluted site. Many tested endophytic strains solubilized phosphate and produced siderophores, phytohormones, and antioxidants. Some strains also exhibited ACC-deaminase activity. Selected bacteria showed high tolerance and the ability to accumulate risk elements, making them promising candidates for use in inocula promoting biomass production and phytoremediation. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• endofyty klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfáty metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• houby klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí toxicita   MeSH
• listy rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lyasy štěpící vazby C-C metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiota účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Populus mikrobiologie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• siderofory metabolismus   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• tolerance léku MeSH
• vývoj rostlin * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Forest management practices often severely affect forest ecosystem functioning. Tree removal by clearcutting is one such practice, producing severe impacts due to the total reduction of primary productivity. Here, we assessed changes to fungal community structure and decomposition activity in the soil, roots and rhizosphere of a Picea abies stand for a 2-year period following clearcutting compared to data from before tree harvest. We found that the termination of photosynthate flow through tree roots into soil is associated with profound changes in soil, both in decomposition processes and fungal community composition. The rhizosphere, representing an active compartment of high enzyme activity and high fungal biomass in the living stand, ceases to exist and starts to resemble bulk soil. Decomposing roots appear to separate from bulk soil and develop into hotspots of decomposition and important fungal biomass pools. We found no support for the involvement of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the decomposition of roots, but we found some evidence that root endophytic fungi may have an important role in the early stages of this process. In soil, activity of extracellular enzymes also decreased in the long term following the end of rhizodeposition by tree roots.

• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• borovice mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• houby klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mykobiom MeSH
• mykorhiza klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• rhizosféra MeSH
• stromy mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH