BACKGROUND: Dietary carbohydrates and fats are intrinsically correlated within the habitual diet. We aimed to disentangle the associations of starch and sucrose from those of fat, in relation to allergic sensitization, asthma and rhinoconjuctivitis prevalence in humans, and to investigate underlying mechanisms using murine models. METHODS: Epidemiological data from participants of two German birth cohorts (age 15) were used in logistic regression analyses testing cross-sectional associations of starch and sucrose (and their main dietary sources) with aeroallergen sensitization, asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis, adjusting for correlated fats (saturated, monounsaturated, omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated) and other covariates. For mechanistic insights, murine models of aeroallergen-induced allergic airway inflammation (AAI) fed with a low-fat-high-sucrose or -high-starch versus a high-fat diet were used to characterize and quantify disease development. Metabolic and physiologic parameters were used to track outcomes of dietary interventions and cellular and molecular responses to monitor the development of AAI. Oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in murine sera or lung homogenates. RESULTS: We demonstrate a direct association of dietary sucrose with asthma prevalence in males, while starch was associated with higher asthma prevalence in females. In mice, high-carbohydrate feeding, despite scant metabolic effects, aggravated AAI compared to high-fat in both sexes, as displayed by humoral response, mucus hypersecretion, lung inflammatory cell infiltration and TH 2-TH 17 profiles. Compared to high-fat, high-carbohydrate intake was associated with increased pulmonary oxidative stress, signals of metabolic switch to glycolysis and decreased systemic anti-oxidative capacity. CONCLUSION: High consumption of digestible carbohydrates is associated with an increased prevalence of asthma in humans and aggravated lung allergic inflammation in mice, involving oxidative stress-related mechanisms.
- MeSH
- bronchiální astma * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- dietní sacharidy farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- myši MeSH
- plíce MeSH
- pneumonie * MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- sacharosa farmakologie MeSH
- škrob farmakologie MeSH
- zánět MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Acid-base balance is one of the most vigorously regulated variables of the body, including genital organs. Subacute ruminal acidosis is a common disturbance in dairy cows that disturbs several biochemical indices in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. The possible negative effects of metabolic acidosis on the follicular fluid (FF) composition and, subsequently, on oocyte quality, are not fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in acid-base balance (ABB) in FF and blood during acute metabolic acidosis in dairy heifers. Ten Holstein heifers were stimulated with FSH in eight decreasing doses at 12-hour intervals (D0-D3). Acidosis was induced by oral administration of sucrose at 9 g/kg of body weight, dissolved in 10 L of warm tap water, at D3. Samples were collected from each cow at 0, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 hours after treatment. Samples of FF, obtained by transvaginal follicular aspiration, and peripheral blood were examined for ABB parameters: pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3(-), and base excess (BE). A significant decrease in pH, HCO3(-), and BE values in the blood, as well as FF, occurred after sucrose treatment. The lowest pH values occurred in blood at 16 hours, and in FF at 24 hours, after treatment (7.30 ± 0.05 and 7.33 ± 0.05, respectively). The lowest HCO3(-) values in blood (18.75 ± 3.2 mmol/L) and FF (18.07 ± 2.84 mmol/L) occurred 24 hours after treatment, as did the lowest BE values (-6.61 ± 3.7 mmol/L and -7.53 ± 3.89 mmol/L, in blood and FF, respectively). Significant correlations for HCO3(-) (r = 0.928), BE (r = 0.946), pH (r = 0.889), and pCO2 (r = 0.522) existed between blood and FF samples. The results demonstrated that metabolic acute acidosis substantially influences the characteristics of both serum and FF.
- MeSH
- acidobazická rovnováha fyziologie MeSH
- acidóza krev veterinární MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- analýza krevních plynů veterinární MeSH
- folikulární tekutina chemie metabolismus MeSH
- folikuly stimulující hormon farmakologie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- nemoci skotu krev MeSH
- ovariální folikul metabolismus MeSH
- poruchy acidobazické rovnováhy metabolismus veterinární MeSH
- sacharosa farmakologie MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Pollen germination as a crucial process in plant development strongly depends on the accessibility of carbon as energy source. Carbohydrates, however, function not only as a primary energy source, but also as important signaling components. In a comprehensive study, we analyzed various aspects of the impact of 32 different sugars on in vitro germination of Arabidopsis pollen comprising about 150 variations of individual sugars and combinations. Twenty-six structurally different mono-, di- and oligosaccharides, and sugar analogs were initially tested for their ability to support pollen germination. Whereas several di- and oligosaccharides supported pollen germination, hexoses such as glucose, fructose and mannose did not support and even considerably inhibited pollen germination when added to germination-supporting medium. Complementary experiments using glucose analogs with varying functional features, the hexokinase inhibitor mannoheptulose and the glucose-insensitive hexokinase-deficient Arabidopsis mutant gin2-1 suggested that mannose- and glucose-mediated inhibition of sucrose-supported pollen germination depends partially on hexokinase signaling. The results suggest that, in addition to their role as energy source, sugars act as signaling molecules differentially regulating the complex process of pollen germination depending on their structural properties. Thus, a sugar-dependent multilayer regulation of Arabidopsis pollen germination is supported, which makes this approach a valuable experimental system for future studies addressing sugar sensing and signaling.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- hexosy metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- klíčení účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- mannosa metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů * MeSH
- oligosacharidy chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- pyl metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- sacharidy MeSH
- sacharosa metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Procedurální bolest je nežádoucím doprovodným jevem péče o rizikové a předčasně narozené děti na jednotkách intenzivní péče a i při dodržování všech zásad individualizované péče nelze všechny bolestivé vjemy eliminovat. V prevenci procedurální bolesti u novorozenců všech gestačních kategorií se přednostně uplatňují cukerné roztoky různých typů a koncentrací. Pro tento postup, i když ověřený řadou prací, neexistuje zlatý standard a v publikacích, které o této problematice pojednávají, se používají cukerné roztoky koncentrací od 5 do 66%. Mimo aplikaci cukerných roztoků se jako alternativa uplatňuje použití mateřského mléka, případně senzorická saturace (komplexní působení na smyslové vjemy dítěte). Bolest u novorozenců je globálně chápána jako velmi nežádoucí jev. Mnohými výzkumy bylo potvrzeno, že bolest je vnímána jak zralými novorozenci, tak i novorozenci předčasně narozenými. Doposud však neexistuje objektivní metoda hodnocení bolesti právě u těchto pacientů, kteří prozatím nemohou svou bolest verbalizovat. Jednou z možností je stanovení parametrů elektrické kožní vodivosti.
Procedural pain is an undesirable side-effect of treatment for high-risk and premature babies in intensive care units and even the introduction of all principles of individualized care can´t eliminate all painful sensations. In the prevention of procedural pain in neonates of all gestational categories mainly sugar solutions of different types and concentrations are used. Even the effect of sugar solutions in concentrations from 5 to 66% has been certified by series of works, no gold standard has been established. An alternative to the use of sugar solutions is utilization of breast milk or sensory saturation (complex effect on sensory perceptions of the child). Pain in neonates is globally regarded as a highly undesirable phenomenon. Many studies have confirmed, that the pain is perceived in mature newborns as well as in premature babies. So far, however, there is no objective method of assessing pain in these patiens, who cannot yet verbalize their pain. Measuring changes in electrical skin conductance is an objective criterion for evaluating the perception of pain in neonates.
- MeSH
- analgetika MeSH
- bolest * etiologie patofyziologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- galvanická kožní odpověď MeSH
- intenzivní péče o novorozence * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- management bolesti MeSH
- mateřské mléko MeSH
- měření bolesti MeSH
- novorozenec nedonošený MeSH
- novorozenec s velmi nízkou porodní hmotností MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- ošetřovatelství novorozenců MeSH
- percepce bolesti fyziologie MeSH
- procedurální bolest MeSH
- roztoky MeSH
- sacharosa * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The role of environmental ion composition and osmolality in Ca(2+) signaled activation was assessed in spermatozoa of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Milt from ten mature males was obtained by abdominal massage. Spermatozoa motility was evaluated in 0, 100, and 300 mOsm/kg NaCl or sucrose solutions, buffered by 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5. For investigation of spermatozoa reaction to external Ca(2+) concentration, 2 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) was added to the activation media as a calcium ions chelator. For investigation of the effect of external Na(+) concentration in conditions of low external Ca(2+), 100 µM amiloride was added to the EGTA-containing solutions as a Na(+) transport blocker. Low motility was observed in sucrose (Na(+) free) solutions containing 2 mM EGTA but not in Na(+) solutions containing 2 mM EGTA. Addition of amiloride led to significantly increased motility (P < 0.05) compared with sucrose (Na(+) free) solutions containing 2 mM EGTA. We conclude that Na(+) transport in Ca(2+)-free solutions plays a regulatory role in brook trout spermatozoa activation. The influence of competitive Na(+) and Ca(2+) transport on the control of spermatozoa activation requires further study with respect to its application for improvement of artificial activation and storage media.
- MeSH
- amilorid MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- biologický transport fyziologie MeSH
- chlorid sodný metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- EGTA MeSH
- motilita spermií účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- neparametrická statistika MeSH
- pstruh fyziologie MeSH
- sacharosa metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- spermie účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- vápník metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In higher plants, cell cycle activation in the meristems at germination is essential for the initiation of post-embryonic development. We previously identified the signaling pathways of homeobox transcription factor STIMPY and metabolic sugars as two interacting branches of the regulatory network that is responsible for activating meristematic tissue proliferation in Arabidopsis. In this study, we found that CYCP2;1 is both a direct target of STIMPY transcriptional activation and an early responder to sugar signals. Genetic and molecular studies show that CYCP2;1 physically interacts with three of the five mitotic CDKs in Arabidopsis, and is required for the G2 to M transition during meristem activation. Taken together, our results suggest that CYCP2;1 acts as a permissive control of cell cycle progression during seedling establishment by directly linking genetic control and nutritional cues with the activity of the core cell cycle machinery.
- MeSH
- aktivace transkripce MeSH
- Arabidopsis embryologie MeSH
- buněčné dělení genetika MeSH
- cyklin-dependentní kinasy biosyntéza MeSH
- cykliny biosyntéza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- homeodoménové proteiny genetika MeSH
- meristém cytologie embryologie MeSH
- proliferace buněk MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku biosyntéza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- sacharosa farmakologie MeSH
- semenáček genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: A Polycomb (PcG) body is an orphan nuclear subcompartment characterised by accumulations of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) proteins. However, seemingly contradictory reports have appeared that describe the PcG bodies either as protein-based bodies in the interchromatin compartment or chromatin domains. In this respect, molecular crowding is an important factor for the assembly and stability of nuclear subcompartments. In order to settle this contradiction, crowding experiments, that represent a convenient model distinguishing between interchromatin and chromatin compartments, were carried out. RESULTS: In sucrose-hypertonically induced crowding, we observed in U-2 OS cells that PcG bodies disappeared, but persisted as nuclear domains characterised by accumulations of DNA. This phenomenon was also observed in cells hypertonically treated with sorbitol and NaCl. Importantly, the observed changes were quickly reversible after re-incubation of cells in normal medium. We found that the PcG foci disappearance and the dissociation of PRC1 proteins (BMI1 and RING1a proteins) from chromatin were associated with their hyper-phosphorylation. In addition, under hyper- and hypotonic conditions, the behaviour of the PcG bodies differed from that of the typical nucleoplasmic body. CONCLUSION: PRC1 proteins accumulations do not represent a genuine nuclear subcompartment. The PcG body is a chromosomal domain, rather than a nucleoplasmic body.
- MeSH
- anthrachinony metabolismus MeSH
- barvení a značení MeSH
- chromatin metabolismus MeSH
- fluorescence MeSH
- fosforylace účinky léků MeSH
- genetická transkripce účinky léků MeSH
- hypertonické roztoky farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- makromolekulární látky metabolismus MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- polycomb proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- PRC1 metabolismus MeSH
- RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sacharosa farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Influence of saccharose in the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG), methyl jasmonate, and an inactivated bacterial culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in cultivation medium on morphology of Hypericum perforatum L. and production of hypericin and hyperforin was studied under in vitro conditions. Production of hypericin and hyperforin was influenced by the presence of different concentrations of saccharose (10-30 g L(-1)) in cultivation medium. Addition of PEG (1.25-5 g L(-1)) in the presence of saccharose (10-30 g L(-1)) increased production of hypericin and hyperforin in the H. perforatum in vitro culture. Synthesis of hypericin and hyperforin was unchanged or reduced for most of the experimental plants at higher contents of PEG (10 and 15 g L(-1)). Concentrations of hypericin and hyperforin in the H. perforatum were on the order 100 and 103 microg g(-1) of dry plant material, respectively. Production of hypericin and hyperforin was stimulated either in the presence of a chemical elicitor (methyl jasmonate) or an inactivated bacterial culture of A. tumefaciens. Morphological changes induced by the abovementioned substances were observed and described in detail. The obtained results will be applied in experimental botany and in the technology of H. perforatum cultivation for pharmaceutical applications.
- MeSH
- acetáty farmakologie MeSH
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens metabolismus MeSH
- cyklopentany farmakologie MeSH
- floroglucinol analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- můstkové bicyklické sloučeniny metabolismus MeSH
- oxylipiny MeSH
- perylen analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- polyethylenglykoly farmakologie MeSH
- sacharosa farmakologie MeSH
- semena rostlinná metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- terpeny metabolismus MeSH
- třezalka metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
We have developed a new, double-congenic rat strain BN-Lx.SHR2, which carries two distinct segments of chromosome 2 introgressed from the spontaneously hypertensive rat strain (SHR) into the genetic background of congenic strain BN-Lx, which was previously shown to express variety of metabolic syndrome features. In 16-wk-old male rats of BN-Lx and BN-Lx.SHR2 strains, we compared their glucose tolerance and triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations in 20 lipoprotein subfractions and the lipoprotein particle sizes under conditions of feeding standard and high-sucrose diets. Introgression of two distinct SHR-derived chromosome 2 segments resulted in decreased adiposity together with aggravation of glucose intolerance in the double-congenic strain. The BN-Lx.SHR2 rats were more sensitive to sucrose-induced rise in triacylglycerolemia. Although the total cholesterol concentrations of the two strains were comparable after the standard diet and even lower in BN-Lx.SHR2 after sucrose feeding, detailed analysis revealed that under both dietary conditions, the double-congenic strain had significantly higher cholesterol concentrations in low-density lipoprotein fractions and lower high-density lipoprotein fractions. We established a new inbred model showing dyslipidemia and mild glucose intolerance without obesity, attributable to specific genomic regions. For the first time, the chromosome 2 segments of SHR origin are shown to influence other than blood pressure-related features of metabolic syndrome or to be involved in relevant nutrigenomic interactions.
- MeSH
- cholesterol analýza MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- hypertenze genetika krev patologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lipoproteiny chemie krev MeSH
- lokus kvantitativního znaku MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- porucha glukózové tolerance genetika MeSH
- potkani inbrední SHR genetika MeSH
- sacharosa farmakologie MeSH
- savčí chromozomy MeSH
- triglyceridy analýza MeSH
- tuková tkáň fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata kongenní MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
