Temperature regulations (mesophilic/thermophilic) and digesting modes (mono-/co-digestion) play key roles in the biomethane potential of anaerobic digestion, but limited research focus on the synergetic effects on microbial interconnections of the biomethane process. In this study, the pineapple and maize residues under different operations were monitored by batch biogas assays and 16S high-throughput sequencing to explore: 1) biomethane potential regarding different operations, 2) microbial communities in different treated reactors, and 3) significant factors determine microbial distribution. Results showed that the co-digestion had higher methanogenic abundance and biomethane production (~3300 mLn) versus mono-digestion under mesophilic condition. To the thermophilic condition, the co-digestion had less methanogenic abundance but more biomethane production (~5000 mLn). Statistical evidence uncovered that the Clostridiaceae and Thermoanaerobacteraceae dominated pathways linked closely with methanogenesis which may contribute the more biomethane production in the thermophilic condition. This study demonstrated the temperature regulations drove rare taxa as major contributors for biomethane production.
- MeSH
- Anaerobiosis MeSH
- Biofuels MeSH
- Bioreactors * MeSH
- Euryarchaeota * MeSH
- Methane MeSH
- Temperature MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Cílem studie bylo vyhodnotit přesnost NBI (Narrow Band Imaging) endoskopie a zjistit schopnost NBI metody předpovědět dysplastické změny u pacientů s Barrettovým jícnem (BJ). Jednak obecně, jednak v predikci low-grade dysplazie (low-grade intraepiteliální neoplazie, LG) a high-grade dysplazie (high-grade intraepiteliální neoplazie, HG). Materiál a metody: Naše studie byla provedena na skupině 82 pacientů s diagnózou Barrettova jícnu. U těchto pacientů jsme srovnávali výsledky endoskopického vyšetření v NBI modu s histopatologickým nálezem. Všechny vzorky byly zhodnoceny dvěma zkušenými patology. Výsledky: U 27 pacientů byl na základě NBI endoskopie podezřelý nález dysplazie, přičemž u 24 pacientů (88,9 %) byl tento nález histopatologicky potvrzen. U tří pacientů (11,1 %) byl histopatologický nález negativní. Na druhou stranu jsme zjistili vysoký podíl falešně negativních výsledků. Dysplazie byla histopatologicky určena u 40 pacientů (34 pacientů LG, 6 pacientů HG) z celkového počtu 82. Ze 34 pacientů s LG dysplazií (histopatologicky určenou) bylo pouze 18 (52,9 %) pozitivních v NBI endoskopickém nálezu, 16 pacientů (47,1 %) bylo negativních. Všichni pacienti s HG dysplazií potvrzenou histopatologicky byli v NBI endoskopii pozitivní. Závěr: Pozitivní predikce dysplastických změn u Barrettova jícnu při NBI endoskopii byla 88,9%. Proto se ukazuje, že NBI je velmi užitečná vyšetřovací metoda pro pacienty s Barrettovým jícnem.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of NBI (Narrow Band Imaging) endoscopy. We wanted to ascertain the ability of NBI to predict dysplastic changes in Barrett's oesophagus (BE) patients and to predict low-grade dysplasia (low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, LG) and high-grade dysplasia (high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, HG). Material and methods: Our study was performed on a group of 82 patients with diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus. In these patients we compared the results of endoscopic investigation in NBI mode with the histopathological assessment. All samples were examined by two experienced pathologists. Results: We suspected 27 patients of dysplastic changes based on NBI endoscopy-24 (88.9%) of them tested positive for the histopathological assessment of dysplasia, while 3 (11.1%) of them tested negative for the histopathological assessment of dysplasia. On the other hand, we saw a high rate of false negative results of NBI endoscopy. Histopathological assessment of dysplasia was found in 40 patients (34 patients LG, 6 patients HG) out of 82. Out of 34 patients with LG dysplasia (histopathological assessment) there were only 18 (52.9%) patients with positive NBI endoscopy, while 16 patients (47.1%) were negative. All patients with HG dysplasia (histopathological assessment) were positive in NBI endoscopy. Conclusion: The positive prediction of NBI endoscopy for dysplastic changes in BE was 88.9%. Thus, it seems NBI is a useful and beneficial examination method for patients with Barrett's oesophagus.
- Keywords
- low-grade dysplazie (low-grade intraepiteliální neoplazie), high-grade dysplazie (high-grade intraepiteliální neoplazie),
- MeSH
- Barrett Esophagus diagnosis prevention & control MeSH
- Biopsy methods utilization MeSH
- Endoscopy, Digestive System methods trends utilization MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Histological Techniques methods utilization MeSH
- Histology MeSH
- Hyperplasia diagnosis prevention & control MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Esophageal Neoplasms diagnosis prevention & control MeSH
- Precancerous Conditions diagnosis prevention & control MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Sufficient mixing is crucial for the proper performance of anaerobic digestion (AD), creating a homogeneous distribution of soluble substrates, biomass, pH, and temperature. The opaqueness of the sludge and mode of operation make it challenging to study AD mixing experimentally. Therefore, hydrodynamics modelling employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is often used to investigate this mixing. However, CFD models mostly do not include biochemical reactions and, hence, ignore the effect of diffusion-induced transport on AD heterogeneity. The novelty of this work is the partial integration of Anaerobic Digestion Model no. 1 (ADM1) into the CFD model. The aim is to better understand the effect of advection-diffusion transport on the homogenization of soluble substrates and biomass. Furthermore, AD homogeneity analysis in terms of concentration distribution is proposed rather than the traditional velocity distributions. The computed results indicate that including diffusion-induced transport affects the homogeneity of AD.
- MeSH
- Anaerobiosis MeSH
- Bioreactors MeSH
- Diffusion MeSH
- Hydrodynamics * MeSH
- Sewage MeSH
- Models, Theoretical * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is a global health problem with over 200 million people infected. Treatment relies on just one drug, and new chemotherapies are needed. Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B1 (SmCB1) is a critical peptidase for the digestion of host blood proteins and a validated drug target. We screened a library of peptidomimetic vinyl sulfones against SmCB1 and identified the most potent SmCB1 inhibitors reported to date that are active in the subnanomolar range with second order rate constants (k2nd) of ∼2 × 105 M-1 s-1. High resolution crystal structures of the two best inhibitors in complex with SmCB1 were determined. Quantum chemical calculations of their respective binding modes identified critical hot spot interactions in the S1' and S2 subsites. The most potent inhibitor targets the S1' subsite with an N-hydroxysulfonic amide moiety and displays favorable functional properties, including bioactivity against the pathogen, selectivity for SmCB1 over human cathepsin B, and reasonable metabolic stability. Our results provide structural insights for the rational design of next-generation SmCB1 inhibitors as potential drugs to treat schistosomiasis.
- MeSH
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia complications therapy MeSH
- Digestive System Surgical Procedures methods utilization MeSH
- Drug Therapy MeSH
- Gastroenterology MeSH
- Catheters microbiology adverse effects utilization MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing * diagnosis complications MeSH
- Parenteral Nutrition * methods utilization MeSH
- Premature Birth MeSH
- Prognosis MeSH
- Pregnancy, High-Risk MeSH
- Short Bowel Syndrome * diagnosis etiology MeSH
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure utilization MeSH
- Respiration, Artificial methods utilization MeSH
- Check Tag
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
- MeSH
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia complications therapy MeSH
- Digestive System Surgical Procedures methods utilization MeSH
- Drug Therapy MeSH
- Gastroenterology MeSH
- Catheters microbiology adverse effects utilization MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing * diagnosis complications MeSH
- Parenteral Nutrition * methods utilization MeSH
- Premature Birth MeSH
- Prognosis MeSH
- Pregnancy, High-Risk MeSH
- Short Bowel Syndrome * diagnosis etiology MeSH
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure utilization MeSH
- Respiration, Artificial methods utilization MeSH
- Check Tag
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
At present, the genus Bifidobacterium includes 48 species and subspecies, and this number is expected to increase. Bifidobacteria are found in different ecological niches. However, most were originally isolated from animals, mainly mammals, especially during the milk feeding period of life. Their presence in high numbers is associated with good health of the host. Moreover, bifidobacteria are often found in poultry and insects that exhibit a social mode of life (honeybees and bumblebees). This review is designed as a summary of currently known species of the genus Bifidobacterium, especially focused on their difference and similarities. The primary focus is on their occurrence in the digestive tract of animals, as well as the specificities of animal strains, with regard to their potential use as probiotics.
- MeSH
- Bifidobacterium classification isolation & purification physiology MeSH
- Poultry MeSH
- Gastrointestinal Tract microbiology MeSH
- Insecta MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
BACKGROUND: Hematophagous mosquitos and ticks avoid host hemostatic system through expression of enzyme inhibitors targeting proteolytic reactions of the coagulation and complement cascades. While most inhibitors characterized to date were found in the salivary glands, relatively few others have been identified in the midgut. Among those, Boophilin is a 2-Kunitz multifunctional inhibitor targeting thrombin, elastase, and kallikrein. However, the kinetics of Boophilin interaction with these enzymes, how it modulates platelet function, and whether it inhibits thrombosis in vivo have not been determined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Boophilin was expressed in HEK293 cells and purified to homogeneity. Using amidolytic assays and surface plasmon resonance experiments, we have demonstrated that Boophilin behaves as a classical, non-competitive inhibitor of thrombin with respect to small chromogenic substrates by a mechanism dependent on both exosite-1 and catalytic site. Inhibition is accompanied by blockade of platelet aggregation, fibrin formation, and clot-bound thrombin in vitro. Notably, we also identified Boophilin as a non-competitive inhibitor of FXIa, preventing FIX activation. In addition, Boophilin inhibits kallikrein activity and the reciprocal activation, indicating that it targets the contact pathway. Furthermore, Boophilin abrogates cathepsin G- and plasmin-induced platelet aggregation and partially affects elastase-mediated cleavage of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI). Finally, Boophilin inhibits carotid artery occlusion in vivo triggered by FeCl3, and promotes bleeding according to the mice tail transection method. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Through inhibition of several enzymes involved in proteolytic cascades and cell activation, Boophilin plays a major role in keeping the midgut microenvironment at low hemostatic and inflammatory tonus. This response allows ticks to successfully digest a blood meal which is critical for metabolism and egg development. Boophilin is the first tick midgut FXIa anticoagulant also found to inhibit thrombosis.
- MeSH
- Platelet Aggregation drug effects MeSH
- Cell Line MeSH
- Gene Expression MeSH
- Factor XIa antagonists & inhibitors MeSH
- Fibrinolytic Agents isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Gastrointestinal Tract chemistry MeSH
- Protease Inhibitors isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Kallikreins antagonists & inhibitors MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Recombinant Proteins genetics isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Rhipicephalus chemistry MeSH
- Thrombin antagonists & inhibitors MeSH
- Thrombosis chemically induced prevention & control MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
The present study was conducted to evaluate the methanolic extracts from several plant leaves widely used in traditional medicine to cure digestive tract disorders and in the self-medication of wild animals such as non-human primates, namely Archidendron fagifolium, Diospyros sumatrana, Shorea sumatrana, and Piper betle leaves, with regard to their antimicrosporidial activity against Encephalitozoon cuniculi in immunocompetent BALB/c mice determined using molecular detection of microsporidial DNA (qPCR) in various tissues and body fluids of infected, treated mice. Of the plant extracts tested, Diospyros sumatrana provided the most promising results, reducing spore shedding by 88% compared to untreated controls. Moreover, total burden per 1 g of tissue in the D. sumatrana extract-treated group reached 87% reduction compared to untreated controls, which was comparable to the effect of the standard drug, Albendazole. This data represents the baseline necessary for further research focused on determining the structure, activity and modes of action of the active compounds, mainly of D. sumatrana, enabling subsequent development of antimicrosporidial remedies.
- MeSH
- Albendazole pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Antifungal Agents pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Chlorocebus aethiops MeSH
- Dimethyl Sulfoxide pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Diospyros chemistry MeSH
- Dipterocarpaceae chemistry MeSH
- DNA, Fungal isolation & purification MeSH
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi drug effects MeSH
- Encephalitozoonosis drug therapy MeSH
- Fabaceae chemistry MeSH
- Feces parasitology MeSH
- Gastrointestinal Tract microbiology MeSH
- Immunocompetence MeSH
- Plant Leaves chemistry MeSH
- Mice, Inbred BALB C MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Piper betle chemistry MeSH
- Plant Extracts pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Spores, Fungal drug effects MeSH
- Vero Cells MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Indonesia MeSH
Prebiotics are either natural or synthetic non-digestible (non-)carbohydrate substances that boost the proliferation of gut microbes. Undigested fructooligosaccharides in the large intestine are utilised by the beneficial microorganisms for the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids for their own growth. Although various food products are now recognized as having prebiotic properties, several others, such as almonds, artichoke, barley, chia seeds, chicory, dandelion greens, flaxseeds, garlic, and oats, are being explored and used as functional foods. Considering the benefits of these prebiotics in mineral absorption, metabolite production, gut microbiota modulation, and in various diseases such as diabetes, allergy, metabolic disorders, and necrotising enterocolitis, increasing attention has been focused on their applications in both food and pharmaceutical industries, although some of these food products are actually used as food supplements. This review aims to highlight the potential and need of these prebiotics in the diet and also discusses data related to the distinct types, sources, modes of action, and health benefits.
