AIM: The study aimed at analyzing ESBL- and AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae in the gastrointestinal tracts of university hospital inpatients and persons from the Olomouc Region community, and comparing the results with data from 2007. METHODS: Bacteria were isolated from rectal swabs inoculated onto the ChromID(TM) ESBL selective medium (bioMérieux). Production of ESBL-type beta-lactamases was confirmed by the modified double-disk synergy test and AmpC enzyme production was detected by the AmpC disk test. ESBL- and AmpC-positive isolates were subjected to basic genetic analysis aimed at detecting the bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M) and bla(AmpC) genes. RESULTS: Over the study period (1 March 2010 - 1 May 2010), a total of 1,279 rectal swabs (70.4% of community subjects) were analyzed on the above medium. The prevalence rates of ESBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae were 8.2% in hospitalized patients and 3.2% in community subjects. Production of the AmpC enzyme was detected in 1.1% of bacterial isolates from the community and in one (0.3%) hospital isolate. Among ESBL, the most frequent genes encoding enzymes were from the CTX-M-1-like genes. Detected AmpC beta-lactamases belonged to the CIT, DHA and EBC groups. CONCLUSION: When compared with the year 2007, the rates of carriers of ESBL-positive bacteria increased in both hospitalized patients (from 3% to 8%) and community subjects (from 1% to 3%) in 2010. Given the fact that production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases is clinically significant, knowing the epidemiological situation is very important for selecting adequate antibiotic therapy.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny biosyntéza MeSH
- beta-laktamasy biosyntéza MeSH
- Enterobacteriaceae enzymologie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pacienti hospitalizovaní MeSH
- přenašečství MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Rod Cronobacter spp. patří do čeledi Enterobacteriaceae. Jedná se o pohyblivou (peritricha) gramnegativní bakterii, která netvoří spóry. V současnosti je Enterobacter sakazakii uváděn jako rod Cronobacter spp., který zahrnuje 16 bioskupin. Jedná se o ubikvitérní organismus, jehož izolace byla spojována s kontaminovanou sušenou počáteční kojeneckou výživou a nápoji pro novorozence a malé děti. Velmi omezené jsou informace o výskytu rodu Cronobacter spp. v životním prostředí, možném šíření a vektorech, které se mohou uplatňovat. Autoři sdělení prokázali výskyt Cronobacter spp. na sliznici nozder zdravého ustájeného koně. Tímto sdělením chtějí upozornit na zcela kusé a nesystematické informace o rozšíření kmene Cronobacter spp. v životním prostředí zvířat a lidí, kteří jsou s nimi v kontaktu.
Cronobacter spp. belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a motile (peritricha) Gram-negative non-spore forming bacterium. At present, Enterobacter sakazakii is reported as a Cronobacter spp. species with 16 biogroups. It is a ubiquitous organism whose isolation used to be associated with a contaminated powdered infant formula and feed for neonates and infants. Information about the Cronobacter spp. species incidence in the environment, its potential dissemination and its vectors, is very limited. The authors have documented incidence of Cronobacter spp. in the nostril mucous membrane of a healthy stabled horse. The above points out at the absolutely insufficient and unsystematic information about the dissemination of the Cronobacter spp. strain in the environment of animals and the people who are in contact with them.
- Klíčová slova
- vehikulum a rezervoár v životním prostředí, počáteční sušená kojenecká výživa,
- MeSH
- Cronobacter sakazakii izolace a purifikace patogenita MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- koně MeSH
- kontaminace potravin MeSH
- kultivační techniky metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náhražky mateřského mléka chemie MeSH
- nosní sliznice mikrobiologie MeSH
- potrava pro kojence mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Background. Routine medical microbiology diagnostics relies on conventional cultivation followed by phenotypic techniques for identification of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This is not only due to tradition and economy but also because it provides pure culture needed for antibiotic susceptibility testing. This review focuses on the potential of High Resolution Melting Analysis (HRMA) of double-stranded DNA for future routine medical microbiology. Methods and Results. Search of MEDLINE database for publications showing the advantages of HRMA in routine medical microbiology for identification, strain typing and further characterization of pathogenic bacteria and fungi in particular. The results show increasing numbers of newly-developed and more tailor-made assays in this field. For microbiologists unfamiliar with technical aspects of HRMA, we also provide insight into the technique from the perspective of microbial characterization. Conclusions. We can anticipate that the routine availability of HRMA in medical microbiology laboratories will provide a strong stimulus to this field. This is already envisioned by the growing number of medical microbiology applications published recently. The speed, power, convenience and cost effectiveness of this technology virtually predestine that it will advance genetic characterization of microbes and streamline, facilitate and enrich diagnostics in routine medical microbiology without interfering with the proven advantages of conventional cultivation.
- MeSH
- diagnostické techniky molekulární metody MeSH
- dvouřetězcové zlomy DNA MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiologické techniky metody MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA metody využití MeSH
- patogeny v krvi izolace a purifikace klasifikace MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce metody využití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 24 antibiotics were determined for 45 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains by the microdilution method at 37 and 30 degrees C (after 24 h and 48 h of incubation). The isolates were obtained from mouth swabs and pus of 116 captive snakes whereas the identical strains (based on PFGE) of the same origin were discarded. At 37 degrees C, the isolates showed a low frequency of resistance to levofloxacin (0 and 8.9 % of resistant strains after 24 and 48 h, MICs(50) 0.5 and 1 mg/L, MICs(90) 1 and 2 mg/L) and cotrimoxazole (2.2 % of resistant strains for 24 and 48 h, MICs(50) 4 mg/L for both time periods, MICs(90) 4 and 8). At 30 degrees C, the most effective drugs were also cotrimoxazole (2.2 and 6.7 %, MICs(50) 4 and 8, MICs(90) 8 and 32) and levofloxacin (8.9 and 46.7 %, MICs(50) 1 and 2, MICs(90) 2 and 4). The isolates were either identically or more susceptible to antibiotics than strains acquired from patients hospitalized at Olomouc University Hospital (the same region) with the exception of ciprofloxacin, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam and ceftazidime.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- gramnegativní bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- hadi mikrobiologie MeSH
- hnisání mikrobiologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- přenašečství mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia izolace a purifikace účinky léků MeSH
- ústa mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
Background. In 1928, the first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered. That was the beginning of a great era in the development and prescription of antibiotics. However, the introduction of these antimicrobial agents into clinical practice was accompanied by the problem of antibiotic resistance. Currently, bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a major problem in both hospital and community settings throughout the world. Methods and results. This review provides examples of modern genetic methods and their practical application in the field of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase detection. Since extended-spectrum ß-lactamases are the main mechanism of Gram-negative bacterial resistance to oxyimino-cephalosporins, rapid and accurate detection is requested in common clinical practice. Conclusions. Currently, the detection of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases is primarily based on the determination of bacterial phenotypes rather than genotypes. This is because therapeutic decisions are based on assessing the susceptibility rather than presence of resistance genes. One of the main disadvantages of genetic methods is high costs, including those of laboratory equipment. On the other hand, if these modern methods are introduced into diagnostics, they often help in rapid and accurate detection of certain microorganisms or their resistance and pathogenic determinants.
Cryptococcus neoformans was grown in 96-well microtiter plates sealed by foil which is less than 0.01 % permeable to oxygen. On day 14 of the cultivation, we observed peculiar clusters of small droplike daughter cells arranged around ?4 % of mother cells. The fact that most of the other cells had died indicates that few cells had been able to survive hypoxic conditions and escape the cell-cycle arrest. However, their daughters were unable to separate from them and to continue their proliferation under such conditions.
Growth patterns of Cryptococcus neoformans submerged culture in different culture volumes, intensity of agitation and types of sealing were evaluated to better understand the physiological role of hypoxia response in this yeast. When low intensity agitation was set at high culture volumes and air exchange between the cultivation vessel and external environment was not abolished completely, the cells proliferated slowly but steadily. On the other hand, when the intensity of agitation was high but the vessel was withheld from fresh air supply, the cells first proliferated rapidly, then arrested completely and finally died. Therefore, the central strategy of C. neoformans here seems to lie in its proliferation-rate adjustment to the available oxygen levels and not in its capacity to survive under anoxia. The data support the opinion that the cultures grown under limited aeration (even though not completely withheld from fresh air supply) are much closer to the real cryptococcal life in human tissues than conventional well-aerated exponential cultures.
