As a component of drinks, food, cosmetics, and spice, hops yields a plethora of biologically active compounds. This plant, which was valued by gods and kings through the history, may serve as a basis for pharmaceutical ex-ploitation: not only as a healthy folk medicine but also in asearch for the effective sedative, estrogenic, antimicro-bial, antidiabetic, and cancerostatic compounds.Full text English translation is available in the on-line version.
- MeSH
- Humulus * chemie MeSH
- léčivé rostliny chemie MeSH
- oleje prchavé chemie MeSH
- pivo MeSH
- tradiční lékařství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
As a component of drinks, food, cosmetics, and spice, hops yields a plethora of biologically active compounds. This plant, which was valued by gods and kings through the history, may serve as a basis for pharmaceutical ex-ploitation: not only as a healthy folk medicine but also in asearch for the effective sedative, estrogenic, antimicro-bial, antidiabetic, and cancerostatic compounds.
- MeSH
- Humulus * chemie MeSH
- léčivé rostliny chemie MeSH
- oleje prchavé chemie MeSH
- pivo MeSH
- tradiční lékařství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
In recent years, the interest in the health-promoting effects of hop prenylflavonoids, especially its estrogenic effects, has grown. Unfortunately, one of the most potent phytoestrogens identified so far, 8-prenylnaringenin, is only a minor component of hops, so its isolation from hop materials for the production of estrogenically active food supplements has proved to be problematic. The aim of this study was to optimize the conditions (e.g., temperature, the length of the process and the amount of the catalyst) to produce 8-prenylnaringenin-rich material by the magnesium oxide-catalyzed thermal isomerization of desmethylxanthohumol. Under these optimized conditions, the yield of 8-prenylnaringenin was 29 mg per 100 gDW of product, corresponding to a >70% increase in its content relative to the starting material. This process may be applied in the production of functional foods or food supplements rich in 8-prenylnaringenin, which may then be utilized in therapeutic agents to help alleviate the symptoms of menopausal disorders.
- MeSH
- flavanony chemie metabolismus MeSH
- flavonoidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- fytoestrogeny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Humulus chemie MeSH
- katalýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oxid hořečnatý chemie metabolismus MeSH
- pivo analýza MeSH
- potravní doplňky analýza MeSH
- propiofenony chemie metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné přípravky chemie metabolismus MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Prenylflavonoids in the human organism exhibit various health-beneficial activities, although they may interfere with drugs via the modulation of the expression and/or activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes. As intestinal cells are exposed to the highest concentrations of prenylflavonoids, we decided to study the cytotoxicity and modulatory effects of the four main hop-derived prenylflavonoids on the activities and mRNA expression of the main drug-conjugating enzymes in human CaCo-2 cells. Proliferating CaCo-2 cells were used for these purposes as a model of colorectal cancer cells, and differentiated CaCo-2 cells were used as an enterocyte-like model. All the tested prenylflavonoids inhibited the CaCo-2 cells proliferation, with xanthohumol proving the most effective (IC50 8.5 μM). The prenylflavonoids modulated the activities and expressions of the studied enzymes to a greater extent in the differentiated, as opposed to the proliferating, CaCo-2 cells. In the differentiated cells, all the prenylflavonoids caused a marked increase in glutathione S-transferase and catechol-O-methyltransferase activities, while the activity of sulfotransferase was significantly inhibited. Moreover, the prenylflavonoids upregulated the mRNA expression of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyl transferase 1A6 and downregulated that of glutathione S-transferase 1A1/2.
- MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace účinky léků genetika MeSH
- Caco-2 buňky MeSH
- exprese genu účinky léků MeSH
- flavonoidy izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- glukuronosyltransferasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Humulus chemie MeSH
- katechol-O-methyltransferasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neopren izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků genetika MeSH
- propiofenony izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- sulfotransferasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The mediator (MED) represents a large, conserved, multi-subunit protein complex that regulates gene expression through interactions with RNA polymerase II and enhancer-bound transcription factors. Expanding research accomplishments suggest the predominant role of plant MED subunits in the regulation of various physiological and developmental processes, including the biotic stress response against bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, the involvement of MED subunits in virus/viroid pathogenesis remains elusive. In this study, we investigated for the first time the gene expression modulation of selected MED subunits in response to five viroid species (Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd), Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), Hop latent viroid (HLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)) in two model plant species (Nicotiana tabacum and N. benthamiana) and a commercially important hop (Humulus lupulus) cultivar. Our results showed a differential expression pattern of MED subunits in response to a viroid infection. The individual plant MED subunits displayed a differential and tailored expression pattern in response to different viroid species, suggesting that the MED expression is viroid- and plant species-dependent. The explicit evidence obtained from our results warrants further investigation into the association of the MED subunit with symptom development. Together, we provide a comprehensive portrait of MED subunit expression in response to viroid infection and a plausible involvement of MED subunits in fine-tuning transcriptional reprogramming in response to viroid infection, suggesting them as a potential candidate for rewiring the defense response network in plants against pathogens.
- MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- Humulus genetika virologie MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika mikrobiologie MeSH
- mediátorový komplex genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika MeSH
- rostlinné viry MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- tabák genetika virologie MeSH
- viroidy genetika patogenita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) produces several valuable secondary metabolites, such as prenylflavonoid, bitter acids, and essential oils. These compounds are biosynthesized in glandular trichomes (lupulin glands) endowed with pharmacological properties and widely implicated in the beer brewing industry. The present study is an attempt to generate exhaustive information of transcriptome dynamics and gene regulatory mechanisms involved in biosynthesis and regulation of these compounds, developmental changes including trichome development at three development stages, namely leaf, bract, and mature lupulin glands. Using high-throughput RNA-Seq technology, a total of 61.13, 50.01, and 20.18 Mb clean reads in the leaf, bract, and lupulin gland libraries, respectively, were obtained and assembled into 43,550 unigenes. The putative functions were assigned to 30,996 transcripts (71.17%) based on basic local alignment search tool similarity searches against public sequence databases, including GO, KEGG, NR, and COG families, which indicated that genes are principally involved in fundamental cellular and molecular functions, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The expression levels of all unigenes were analyzed in leaf, bract, and lupulin glands tissues of hop. The expression profile of transcript encoding enzymes of BCAA metabolism, MEP, and shikimate pathway was most up-regulated in lupulin glands compared with leaves and bracts. Similarly, the expression levels of the transcription factors and structural genes that directly encode enzymes involved in xanthohumol, bitter acids, and terpenoids biosynthesis pathway were found to be significantly enhanced in lupulin glands, suggesting that production of these metabolites increases after the leaf development. In addition, numerous genes involved in primary metabolism, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, generation of precursor metabolites/energy, protein modification, transporter activity, and cell wall component biogenesis were differentially regulated in three developmental stages, suggesting their involvement in the dynamics of the lupulin gland development. The identification of differentially regulated trichome-related genes provided a new foundation for molecular research on trichome development and differentiation in hop. In conclusion, the reported results provide directions for future functional genomics studies for genetic engineering or molecular breeding for augmentation of secondary metabolite content in hop.
- MeSH
- flavonoidy biosyntéza chemie metabolismus MeSH
- genová ontologie MeSH
- Humulus chemie metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- propiofenony chemie metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekvenování transkriptomu MeSH
- terpeny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktory metabolismus MeSH
- transkriptom genetika MeSH
- trichomy genetika metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Although fatty acids have a beneficial effect on yeast growth during fermentation, their effect on foam and sensory stability of beer is negative. In general, long-chain fatty acids originate from raw materials, whereas short-chain acids are produced by yeast during fermentation. If the concentration of short-chain fatty acids, especially isovaleric and butyric acid, overreaches a sensory threshold, then an unpleasant aroma, such as cheesy or sweaty feet, can be formed in beer. RESULTS: The distribution of fatty acids, from the preparation of sweet wort to the final beer, was studied using chemometric evaluation. Differences were observed between the decoction and infusion system using four barley varieties. Attention was paid to the behavior of short-chain fatty acids, namely isovaleric acid. The concentration of isovaleric acid in commercial beers brewed in infusion and decoction systems was approximately 1.4 and 1.0 mg L-1 , respectively. The same trend was observed in experimental samples (1.3 and 0.5 mg L-1 , respectively). This phenomenon was confirmed experimentally; based on the results, this possibly explains why, during the fermentation, isovaleric acid is coupled with the redox state of yeast cell, which is given by the wort composition (i.e. by the mashing process). CONCLUSION: The formation of isovaleric acid is not only caused by microbiology infection or by oxidized hops, but also is influenced by the mashing process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
- MeSH
- chuť MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- Humulus chemie metabolismus MeSH
- ječmen (rod) chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- manipulace s potravinami MeSH
- mastné kyseliny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- pivo analýza MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Viroids are small non-capsidated, single-stranded, covalently-closed circular noncoding RNA replicons of 239-401 nucleotides that exploit host factors for their replication, and some cause disease in several economically important crop plants, while others appear to be benign. The proposed mechanisms of viroid pathogenesis include direct interaction of the genomic viroid RNA with host factors and post-transcriptional or transcriptional gene silencing via viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) generated by the host defensive machinery. Humulus lupulus (hop) plants are hosts to several viroids among which Hop latent viroid (HLVd) and Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) are attractive model systems for the study of viroid-host interactions due to the symptomless infection of the former and severe symptoms induced by the latter in this indicator host. To better understand their interactions with hop plant, a comparative transcriptomic analysis based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to reveal the transcriptional alterations induced as a result of single HLVd and CBCVd infection in hop. Additionally, the effect of HLVd on the aggressiveness of CBCVd that underlies severe stunting in hop in a mixed infection was studied by transcriptomic analysis. Our analysis revealed that CBCVd infection resulted in dynamic changes in the activity of genes as compared to single HLVd infection and their mixed infection. The differentially expressed genes that are involved in defense, phytohormone signaling, photosynthesis and chloroplasts, RNA regulation, processing and binding; protein metabolism and modification; and other mechanisms were more modulated in the CBCVd infection of hop. Nevertheless, Gene Ontology (GO) classification and pathway enrichment analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in the proteolysis mechanism is more active in a mixed infection as compared to a single one, suggesting co-infecting viroids may result in interference with host factors more prominently. Collectively, our results provide a deep transcriptome of hop and insight into complex single HLVd, CBCVd, and their coinfection in hop-plant interactions.
- MeSH
- Humulus genetika virologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin genetika virologie MeSH
- transkriptom * MeSH
- viroidy patogenita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Transcription factors (TFs) play a major role in controlling gene expression by intricately regulating diverse biological processes such as growth and development, the response to external stimuli and the activation of defense responses. The systematic identification and classification of TF genes are essential to gain insight into their evolutionary history, biological roles, and regulatory networks. In this study, we performed a global mining and characterization of hop TFs and their involvement in Citrus bark cracking viroid CBCVd infection by employing a digital gene expression analysis. Our systematic analysis resulted in the identification of a total of 3,818 putative hop TFs that were classified into 99 families based on their conserved domains. A phylogenetic analysis classified the hop TFs into several subgroups based on a phylogenetic comparison with reference TF proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana providing glimpses of their evolutionary history. Members of the same subfamily and subgroup shared conserved motif compositions. The putative functions of the CBCVd-responsive hop TFs were predicted using their orthologous counterparts in A. thaliana. The analysis of the expression profiling of the CBCVd-responsive hop TFs revealed a massive differential modulation, and the expression of the selected TFs was validated using qRT-PCR. Together, the comprehensive integrated analysis in this study provides better insights into the TF regulatory networks associated with CBCVd infections in the hop, and also offers candidate TF genes for improving the resistance in hop against viroids.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- Humulus klasifikace genetika imunologie virologie MeSH
- kůra rostlin imunologie virologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin genetika imunologie virologie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- transkripční faktory genetika imunologie MeSH
- viroidy genetika fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
