Fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza, FSGS, je progresivní onemocnění glomerulů různé etiologie, které vede u téměř 50 % pacientů k nezvratnému selhání ledvin. FSGS je podmíněna poškozením podocytů histologicky charakterizovaným parciální sklerotizací glomerulů, klinicky nejčastěji nefrotickou proteinurií či nefrotickým syndromem a neuspokojivou léčebnou odpovědí. Transplantace ledviny je u pacientů s FSGS spojena s vysokým rizikem rekurence a horšími dlouhodobými výsledky. Zásadní pro prognózu pacienta je včasná léčba, která se liší u jednotlivých forem FSGS (primární, sekundární, genetická).
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, FSGS, is a progressive glomerular disease of different ethiology that leads in almost 50 % of patients to end stage renal failure. FSGS is caused by damage of podocytes, histologically characterized by partial scarring of glomeruli, clinically by nephrotic-range proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome and unsatisfactory therapeutic response. Kidney transplantation in FSGS patients is associated with high risk of disease recurrence and worse long-term outcomes. Early treatment is essential for the patient's prognosis, which varies between different forms of FSGS (primary, secondary, genetic).
BACKGROUND: Several previous studies have reported a more severe course of nephrotic syndrome in children with low birth weight. PATIENTS: Cohort of 223 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. METHODS: We aimed to investigate the association between course of nephrotic syndrome and low birth weight. Data from seven paediatric nephrology centres were used. RESULTS: Children with low birth weight had 3.84 times higher odds for a more severe course of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (95% CI 1.20-17.22, P=0.041), and those with low birth weight and remission after 7 days had much higher odds for a more severe course of disease (OR 8.7). Low birth weight children had a longer time to remission (median 12 vs. 10 days, P=0.03). They had a higher need for steroid-sparing agents (OR for the same sex=3.26 [95% CI 1.17-11.62, P=0.039]), and the odds were even higher in females with low birth weight (OR 6.81). There was no evidence of an association either between low birth weight and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or between low birth weight and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. DISCUSSION: We conducted the first multicentric study confirming the worse outcomes of children with NS and LBW and we found additional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Low birth weight is associated with a more severe course of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome, while being female and achieving remission after 7 days are additional risk factors.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza farmakoterapie MeSH
- glukokortikoidy terapeutické užití škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nefrotický syndrom * farmakoterapie MeSH
- novorozenec s nízkou porodní hmotností * MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
BACKGROUND: An unmet need exists for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) treatment. In an 8-week, phase 2 trial, sparsentan, a dual endothelin-angiotensin receptor antagonist, reduced proteinuria in patients with FSGS. The efficacy and safety of longer-term treatment with sparsentan for FSGS are unknown. METHODS: In this phase 3 trial, we enrolled patients with FSGS (without known secondary causes) who were 8 to 75 years of age; patients were randomly assigned to receive sparsentan or irbesartan (active control) for 108 weeks. The surrogate efficacy end point assessed at the prespecified interim analysis at 36 weeks was the FSGS partial remission of proteinuria end point (defined as a urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio of ≤1.5 [with protein and creatinine both measured in grams] and a >40% reduction in the ratio from baseline). The primary efficacy end point was the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slope at the time of the final analysis. The change in eGFR from baseline to 4 weeks after the end of treatment (week 112) was a secondary end point. Safety was also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 371 patients underwent randomization: 184 were assigned to receive sparsentan and 187 to receive irbesartan. At 36 weeks, the percentage of patients with partial remission of proteinuria was 42.0% in the sparsentan group and 26.0% in the irbesartan group (P = 0.009), a response that was sustained through 108 weeks. At the time of the final analysis at week 108, there were no significant between-group differences in the eGFR slope; the between-group difference in total slope (day 1 to week 108) was 0.3 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area per year (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.7 to 2.4), and the between-group difference in the slope from week 6 to week 108 (i.e., chronic slope) was 0.9 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 per year (95% CI, -1.3 to 3.0). The mean change in eGFR from baseline to week 112 was -10.4 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 with sparsentan and -12.1 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 with irbesartan (difference, 1.8 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, -1.4 to 4.9). Sparsentan and irbesartan had similar safety profiles, and the frequency of adverse events was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with FSGS, there were no significant between-group differences in eGFR slope at 108 weeks, despite a greater reduction in proteinuria with sparsentan than with irbesartan. (Funded by Travere Therapeutics; DUPLEX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03493685.).
- MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza * komplikace farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- hodnoty glomerulární filtrace MeSH
- indukce remise MeSH
- irbesartan * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- kreatinin MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- proteinurie * farmakoterapie etiologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- MeSH
- cyklofosfamid farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- cyklosporin farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- glukokortikoidy farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunosupresivní léčba metody MeSH
- inhibitory kalcineurinu farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipoidní nefróza * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- nefrotický syndrom etiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Recurrence of primary disease is one of the major risks for allograft loss after pediatric RTx. The risk of recurrence of FSGS/SRNS after pediatric RTx in particular can be up to 86% in idiopathic cases. There is a need for consensus recommendations on its prevention and treatment. The CERTAIN study group has therefore performed a thorough literature search based on the PICO model of clinical questions to formulate educated statements to guide the clinician in the process of decision-making. A set of educated statements on prevention and treatment of FSGS/SRNS after pediatric RTx has been generated after careful evaluation of available evidence and thorough panel discussion. We do not recommend routine nephrectomy prior to transplantation; neither do we recommend abstaining from living donation. Special attendance needs to be given to those patients who had already experienced graft loss due to FSGS/SRNS recurrence. Early PE or IA with or without high-dose CsA and/or rituximab seems to be most promising to induce remission. The educated statements presented here acknowledge that FSGS/SRNS recurrence after pediatric RTx remains a major concern and is associated with shorter graft survival or even graft loss. The value of any recommendation needs to take into account that evidence is based on cohorts that differ in ethnicity, pre-transplant history, immunosuppressive regimen, definition of recurrence (eg, clinical and/or histological diagnosis) and treatment modalities of recurrence.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- glukokortikoidy terapeutické užití MeSH
- léková rezistence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nefrotický syndrom prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- pooperační komplikace prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
- transplantace ledvin * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- konsensus - konference MeSH
V kontextu s pokroky imunosupresivní terapie představuje v současnosti rekurence glomerulonefritid po transplantaci významnou příčinu dysfunkce štěpů negativně ovlivňující jejich dlouhodobé přežití. Výskyt rekurence se významně liší mezi primárními glomerulonefritidami, v závislosti na přítomnosti rizikových faktorů, době a způsobu sledování. V tomto přehledovém článku se věnujeme rekurenci fokálně segmentální glomerulosklerózy, membranoproliferativní glomerulonefritidy, membranózní nefritidy a IgA nefropatie, jejich incidenci, patogenezi, klinickým projevům, rizikovým faktorům a možnostem terapeutického ovlivnění rekurence. Bližší poznání etiopatogeneze rekurence primárních glomerulonefritid po transplantaci a dosavadní pokroky v léčbě primárních nefropatií mohou přispět k vypracování nových preventivních, diagnostických a terapeutických postupů.
In the context of advances in immunosuppressive therapy, the recurrence of glomerulonephritis after transplantation currently represents a significant cause of graft dysfunction which negatively influences graft survival. The incidence of recurrence varies depending on the type of primary glomerulonephritis, presence of risk factors, time and methodology of follow-up. This review article focuses on the recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, membranous nephritis and IgA nephropathy. In particular, incidence, pathogenesis, clinical signs, risk factors and possibilities of therapeutic interventions of recurrent primary glomerulonephritis is discussed. Better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of primary glomerulonephritis recurrence after transplantation and up-to-date advancements in treatment of primary nephropathies may contribute to development of new prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
- MeSH
- fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza patologie terapie MeSH
- IgA nefropatie patologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membranoproliferativní glomerulonefritida patologie terapie MeSH
- membranózní glomerulonefritida patologie terapie MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- transplantace ledvin * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Úvod: Od roku 2012, keď iniciatíva The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes publikovala prvé odporúčania pre manažment a liečbu glomerulárnych chorôb, došlo k enormnému pokroku v porozumení patogenézy, identifikácii nových diagnostických biomarkerov a liečbe týchto ochorení. Rituximab sa stal liečebnou možnosťou so sľubným efektom u pacientov s primárnymi chorobami glomerulov, čo potvrdzujú viaceré klinické štúdie, kde viedol k významnej redukcii proteinúrie a zníženiu incidencie relapsov základného ochorenia. V práci prezentujeme naše skúsenosti s liečbou rituximabom. Materiál a metódy: Retrospektívne sme analyzovali 9 pacientov s primárnou glomerulopatiou rezistentnou na štandardnú imunosupresívnu liečbu, u ktorých bol podaný rituximab ako rescue liečba. Vyhodnotili sme vplyv indukčnej liečby rituximabom na vývoj kvantitatívnej proteinúrie (KVPÚ). Výsledky: Vyhodnotením 24 hodinovej KVPÚ pred začatím liečby a po jej ukončení sme v našej skupine pacientov dokázali štatisticky signifikantný pokles KVPÚ ihneď po poslednej dávke rituximabu. Nezaznamenali sme významnú zmenu obličkových funkcií. Záver: Rituximab predstavuje účinnú alternatívu v terapeutických postupoch primárnych glomerulopatií, obzvlášť v prípadoch rezistencie na štandardnú imunosupresívnu liečbu, s čím sa stotožňujú aj nami prezentované klinické skúsenosti.
Introduction: Since 2012, when The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) initiative published the first recommendations for the management and treatment of glomerular diseases, there has been enormous progress in understanding pathogenesis, identifying new diagnostic biomarkers and treating these diseases. Rituximab had become a promisisng treatment option in patients with primary glomerular disease, as confirmed by several clinical studies, where it has led to a significant reduction in proteinuria and a reduction in the incidence of relapses of the underlying disease. In this work we present our experiences with rituximab treatment. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed 9 patients with primary glomerulopathy resistant to srandard immunosuppressive therapy who received rituximab as rescue treatment. We evaluated the effect of rituximab induction treatment on the development of quantitative proteinuria. Results: By evaluating the 24-hour proteinuria before and after treatment, we demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in proteinuria in our group of patients immediately after the las dose of rituximab. We did not notice a significant change in renal function. Conclusion: Rituximab represents an effective alternative in the treatment of primary glomerulopathies, especially in cases of resistance to standard immunosuppressive therapy, which is shared by the clinical experience presented by us.
- Klíčová slova
- primární glomerulopatie,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza * farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- imunosupresiva terapeutické užití MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membranoproliferativní glomerulonefritida * farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- membranózní glomerulonefritida * farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- proteinurie farmakoterapie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- rituximab * aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Primary forms of minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis are rare podocytopathies and clinically characterized by nephrotic syndrome. Glucocorticoids are the cornerstone of the initial immunosuppressive treatment in these two entities. Especially among adults with minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, relapses, steroid dependence or resistance are common and necessitate re-initiation of steroids and other immunosuppressants. Effective steroid-sparing therapies and introduction of less toxic immunosuppressive agents are urgently needed to reduce undesirable side effects, in particular for patients whose disease course is complex. Rituximab, a B cell depleting monoclonal antibody, is increasingly used off-label in these circumstances, despite a low level of evidence for adult patients. Hence, critical questions concerning drug-safety, long-term efficacy and the optimal regimen for rituximab-treatment remain unanswered. Evidence in the form of large, multicenter studies and randomized controlled trials are urgently needed to overcome these limitations.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza * farmakoterapie MeSH
- imunologické faktory terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunosupresiva škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipoidní nefróza * farmakoterapie MeSH
- nefrotický syndrom MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- rituximab terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza * farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- management farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The aim of the study was to characterize by molecular profiling two glomerular diseases: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and to identify potential molecular markers of IgAN and FSGS progression. The expressions of 90 immune-related genes were compared in biopsies of patients with IgAN (n=33), FSGS (n=17) and in controls (n=11) using RT-qPCR. To identify markers of disease progression, gene expression was compared between progressors and non-progressors in 1 year follow-up. The results were verified on validation cohort of patients with IgAN (n=8) and in controls (n=6) using laser-capture microdissection, that enables to analyze gene expression separately for glomeruli and interstitium. In comparison to controls, patients with both IgAN and FSGS, had lower expression of BAX (apoptotic molecule BCL2-associated protein) and HMOX-1 (heme oxygenase 1) and higher expression of SELP (selectin P). Furthermore, in IgAN higher expression of PTPRC (protein-tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type C) and in FSGS higher expression of BCL2L1 (regulator of apoptosis BCL2-like 1) and IL18 compared to control was observed. Validation of differentially expressed genes between IgAN and controls on another cohort using laser-capture microdissection confirmed higher expression of PTPRC in glomeruli of patients with IgAN. The risk of progression in IgAN was associated with higher expression EDN1 (endothelin 1) (AUC=0.77) and FASLG (Fas ligand) (AUC=0.82) and lower expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) (AUC=0.8) and in FSGS with lower expression of CCL19 (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19) (AUC=0.86). Higher expression of EDN1 and FASLG along with lower expression of VEGF in IgAN and lower expression of CCL19 in FSGS at the time of biopsy can help to identify patients at risk of future disease progression.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza genetika patologie MeSH
- IgA nefropatie genetika patologie MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- ledviny metabolismus patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH