- Klíčová slova
- pracovní právo,
- MeSH
- elektronický odpad * ekonomika MeSH
- hygiena práce MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nebezpečný odpad MeSH
- opakované použití vybavení MeSH
- otrava olovem prevence a kontrola MeSH
- pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- recyklace * MeSH
- řízení rizik MeSH
- zákonodárství jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Přehledový článek shrnuje výsledky českého lidského biomonitoringu za téměř tři dekády své existence. Národní biologický monitoring byl ve Státním zdravotním ústavu v Praze uveden do činnosti v roce 1994 v rámci Systému monitorování zdravotního stavu obyvatelstva České republiky ve vztahu k životnímu prostředí, aby byl posléze navázán na evropské a světové odborné aktivity v této oblasti. V jeho průběhu byla sledována celá škála organických i anorganických xenobiotik a esenciálních látek v krvi, moči a vlasech dospělé a dětské populace, v mateřském mléce kojících žen a také v dalších, méně obvyklých matricích. Výstupem jsou cenné dlouhodobé časové řady, které mj. ukazují, jakým způsobem mohou fungovat zavedená preventivní opatření v praxi a jak korespondují se snižující se expozicí populace. Na druhé straně lze jeho prostřednictvím ověřit, zda a jak rychle může dojít k expozici člověka nově používaným chemickým látkám. Správně interpretované výsledky lidského biologického monitoringu jsou důležité pro odborníky z oblasti veřejného zdraví ke stanovení referenčních hodnot, k porovnání se zdravotními limity, k hodnocení zdravotních rizik, pro účely zdravotní politiky i k mezinárodnímu srovnání. Ve vhodně zpracované podobě mohou sloužit k informovanosti a vzdělávání laické veřejnosti o zátěži lidské populace chemickými látkami z prostředí. Dlouhodobé zkušenosti z oblasti českého biologického monitoringu umožňují Státnímu zdravotnímu ústavu účast v mnoha zahraničních projektech, zaměřených na sledování expozice různých populačních skupin chemickým látkám z prostředí.
The article summarises the results of Czech Human Biomonitoring over a period of three decades. Human biomonitoring in the Czech Republic was commenced at the National Institute of Public Health, Prague, in 1994 as part of the Environmental Health Monitoring System and was later linked to European and worldwide professional activities in this area. During the course of this project the whole range of organic and inorganic xenobiotics and essential substances was monitored in the blood, urine and hair of the adult and child populations, in the breast milk of breastfeeding women and in other, less common matrices. The results have provided valuable long-term time series that show how established preventive measures can work in practice and how they correspond to decreasing population exposure. Results can also be used to verify whether or not, and how quickly, can individuals be exposed to newly used chemical substances. Results of human biological monitoring are important for public health professionals to establish reference values, to provide comparison with health limits, to assess health risks, for health policy purposes and international comparison. Appropriately processed results can serve to inform and educate the public about human population burden by chemical substances in the environment. Long-term experience in the field of human biomonitoring enables experts of the National Institute of Public Health to participate in many foreign projects focused on monitoring the exposure of various population groups to chemical substances from the environment.
- MeSH
- biologické markery krev moč MeSH
- biologický monitoring * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko chemie MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
- nebezpečné látky analýza MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- injekční stříkačky * MeSH
- lékárny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nebezpečný odpad * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Compacted bentonites are one of the best sealing and backfilling clays considered for use in Deep Geological Repositories of radioactive wastes. However, an in-depth understanding of their behavior after placement in the repository is required, including if the activity of indigenous microorganisms affects safety conditions. Here we provide an optimized phenol:chloroform based protocol that facilitates higher DNA-yields when other methods failed. To demonstrate the efficiency of this method, DNA was extracted from acetate-treated bentonites compacted at 1.5 and 1.7 g/cm3 densities after 24 months anoxic incubation. Among the 16S rRNA gene sequences identified, those most similar to taxa mediating biogeochemical sulfur cycling included sulfur oxidizing (e.g., Thiobacillus, and Sulfurimonas) and sulfate reducing (e.g., Desulfuromonas and Desulfosporosinus) bacteria. In addition, iron-cycling populations included iron oxidizing (e.g., Thiobacillus and Rhodobacter) plus reducing taxa (e.g., Geobacillus). Genera described for their capacity to utilize acetate as a carbon source were also detected such as Delftia and Stenotrophomonas. Lastly, microscopic analyses revealed pores and cracks that could host nanobacteria or spores. This study highlights the potential role of microbial driven biogeochemical processes in compacted bentonites and the effect of high compaction on microbial diversity in Deep Geological Repositories.
Antidota jsou látky, které se používají k terapii intoxikací. V roce 1962 bylo založeno Toxikologické informační středisko (TIS VFN) při Klinice pracovního lékařství Všeobecné fakultní nemocnice v Praze. Spravuje pohotovostní zásobu antidot, antiinfektiv a antisér s cílem zajistit jejich dostupnost po 24 hodin denně. V článku je hlavní pozornost věnována antidotům, jejich složení, indikacím a mechanismu účinku. Tyto informace jsou ve vybraných případech doplněny o příznaky intoxikace, léčebné postupy a zvláštní upozornění.
Antidotes are agents that are used for the therapy of poisoning. In 1962, Toxicological Information Centre (TIC) was founded at the Department of Occupational Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague. TIC oversees the emergency stock of antidotes, anti-infective agents, and snake antivenins, with the primary objective to provide their availability 24 hours a day. In this article, crucial attention is paid to types of antidotes, their compositions, indications, and mechanisms of action. This information is complemented by clinical features of poisoning, management, and special warnings.
- MeSH
- antidota * dějiny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- antiinfekční látky * ekonomika farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- antisérum * MeSH
- informační střediska organizace a řízení MeSH
- léčivé přípravky ekonomika zásobování a distribuce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nebezpečné látky farmakologie MeSH
- toxické účinky MeSH
- toxikologická centra organizace a řízení MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Granulosa cells (GCs) are somatic cells essential for establishing and maintaining bi-directional communication with the oocytes. This connection has a profound importance for the delivery of energy substrates, structural components and ions to the maturing oocyte through gap junctions. Cumulus cells, group of closely associated GCs, surround the oocyte and can diminished the effect of harmful environmental insults. Both GCs and oocytes prefer different energy substrates in their cellular metabolism: GCs are more glycolytic, whereas oocytes rely more on oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The interconnection of these cells is emphasized by the fact that GCs supply oocytes with intermediates produced in glycolysis. The number of GCs surrounding the oocyte and their age affect the energy status of oocytes. This review summarises available studies collaboration of cellular types in the ovarian follicle from the point of view of energy metabolism, signaling and protection of toxic insults. A deeper knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is crucial for better methods to prevent and treat infertility and to improve the technology of in vitro fertilization.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- energetický metabolismus MeSH
- folikulární buňky účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolismus lipidů MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů MeSH
- nebezpečné látky toxicita MeSH
- oocyty růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Caenorhabditis elegans presents functioning, biologically relevant phenotypes and is frequently used as a bioindicator of toxicity. However, most C. elegans in vivo effect-assessment methods are laborious and time consuming. Therefore, we developed a novel method to measure the oxygen consumption rate of C. elegans as a sublethal endpoint of toxicity. This protocol was tested by exposing 50 larval stage one C. elegans individuals for 48 h (at 20 °C) to different concentrations of two toxicants i.e. benzylcetyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC-C16) and cadmium (Cd). Following exposures, the oxygen consumption rate of the C. elegans individuals were measured using the high-throughput functionality of the Seahorse XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Dose-response curves for BAC-C16 (R2 = 0.93; P = 0.001) and Cd (R2 = 0.98; P = 0.001) were created. Furthermore, a strong, positive correlation was evidenced between C. elegans oxygen consumption rate and a commonly used, ecologically relevant endpoint of toxicity (growth inhibition) for BAC-C16 (R2 = 0.93; P = 0.0001) and Cd (R2 = 0.91; P = 0.0001). The data presented in this study show that C. elegans oxygen consumption rate can be used as a promising functional measurement of toxicity.
- MeSH
- bezpečnost potravin MeSH
- Caenorhabditis elegans účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- kadmium metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus MeSH
- nebezpečné látky toxicita MeSH
- průběh práce MeSH
- rychlé screeningové testy metody normy MeSH
- Smegmamorpha * MeSH
- spotřeba kyslíku * MeSH
- testy toxicity metody normy MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Food packaging is of high societal value because it conserves and protects food, makes food transportable and conveys information to consumers. It is also relevant for marketing, which is of economic significance. Other types of food contact articles, such as storage containers, processing equipment and filling lines, are also important for food production and food supply. Food contact articles are made up of one or multiple different food contact materials and consist of food contact chemicals. However, food contact chemicals transfer from all types of food contact materials and articles into food and, consequently, are taken up by humans. Here we highlight topics of concern based on scientific findings showing that food contact materials and articles are a relevant exposure pathway for known hazardous substances as well as for a plethora of toxicologically uncharacterized chemicals, both intentionally and non-intentionally added. We describe areas of certainty, like the fact that chemicals migrate from food contact articles into food, and uncertainty, for example unidentified chemicals migrating into food. Current safety assessment of food contact chemicals is ineffective at protecting human health. In addition, society is striving for waste reduction with a focus on food packaging. As a result, solutions are being developed toward reuse, recycling or alternative (non-plastic) materials. However, the critical aspect of chemical safety is often ignored. Developing solutions for improving the safety of food contact chemicals and for tackling the circular economy must include current scientific knowledge. This cannot be done in isolation but must include all relevant experts and stakeholders. Therefore, we provide an overview of areas of concern and related activities that will improve the safety of food contact articles and support a circular economy. Our aim is to initiate a broader discussion involving scientists with relevant expertise but not currently working on food contact materials, and decision makers and influencers addressing single-use food packaging due to environmental concerns. Ultimately, we aim to support science-based decision making in the interest of improving public health. Notably, reducing exposure to hazardous food contact chemicals contributes to the prevention of associated chronic diseases in the human population.
- MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nebezpečné látky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- obaly potravin metody MeSH
- plastické hmoty škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Currently there is increasingly closer interaction between the importance of environmental protection and efficient promoting of scientific and technological progress in the field of waste incineration. Waste is not only undesirable source of pollution, but if it is effectively used it also has great economic importance. In the Czech Republic 34.5 million tonnes of all wastes was produced in 2017, of which 5.7 million tonnes of municipal waste. 50% of the produced municipal waste was used, 38% of which was used for the material and 12% for energy utilization. 45% of municipal waste was deposited in the landfills. The method of waste incineration is among the major tools to reduce the landfill waste. The use or processing of the product which the process of incineration of municipal and hazardous waste generated can be considered as an obstacle to the favorable reception of this process. Apart from flammable components, waste also contains certain amount of dangerous particles. This is especially the sulfur chlorides, fluorine, PCBs and other heavy decomposable organic substances and heavy metals. This fact puts high demands on the gas cleaning processes followed by neutralization of other products that the incinerator leaves, in which these substances can be contained in higher concentrations than in the original waste. For this reason subsequent stabilization of these toxic substances is necessary to ensure new environmental burdens are avoided when not used properly. The major part of the waste combustion process is made up of ash and slag. One of the most common ways of dealing with these solid residues is disposing them to avoid creating new hazardous waste landfills. Other filtering waste also passes hazardous waste stabilization process before landfilling. Currently there is intensive search for new possibilities for utilization of solid residues from incineration. Nowadays there is emphasis on process control of their pretreatment for the production of draft procedure with its management. Appropriate procedures may minimize the instances of improper use.
- MeSH
- nebezpečný odpad MeSH
- odpadky - odstraňování * MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- skládková zařízení MeSH
- spalování odpadů MeSH
- těžké kovy * MeSH
- tuhý odpad MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The negative impact of air incidents and emergency situations results from the leakage of liquids into the soil and water and the leakage of flue gases and combustion products of aircraft structural materials into the air during fires. This article deals with air pollution caused by the combustion of composite materials commonly used in general aviation. Samples of composite materials of aircraft registered in the Czech Republic were selected. These samples of composite materials were tested for flammability, according to ISO 5660-1:2002 Reaction to fire tests-Heat Release, smoke production and mass loss rate (ISO-International Organization for Standardization). Total smoke release and total oxygen consumed were assessed in this study, both of which have a significant impact on air quality in the case of an air incident. Based on the results of the research, differences resulting from the diversity of the structures of the tested composite materials were found. The most hazardous composite material was evaluated from the point of view of its impact on air quality during combustion.
