Salmonella spp. is a common zoonotic pathogen, causing gastrointestinal infections in people. Pigs and pig meat are a major source of infection. Although farm biosecurity is believed to be important for controlling Salmonella transmission, robust evidence is lacking on which measures are most effective. This study enrolled 250 pig farms across nine European countries. From each farm, 20 pooled faecal samples (or similar information) were collected and analysed for Salmonella presence. Based on the proportion of positive results, farms were categorised as at higher or lower Salmonella risk, and associations with variables from a comprehensive questionnaire investigated. Multivariable analysis indicated that farms were less likely to be in the higher-risk category if they had '<400 sows'; used rodent baits close to pig enclosures; isolated stay-behind (sick) pigs; did not answer that the hygiene lock/ anteroom was easy to clean; did not have a full perimeter fence; did apply downtime of at least 3 days between farrowing batches; and had fully slatted flooring in all fattener buildings. A principal components analysis assessed the sources of variation between farms, and correlation between variables. The study results suggest simple control measures that could be prioritised on European pig farms to control Salmonella.

• MeSH
• biologická bezpečnost MeSH
• chov zvířat metody   MeSH
• farmy MeSH
• nemoci prasat * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• Salmonella MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Six hundred fourteen strains of Salmonella enterica were isolated from 16,926 samples of food of animal origin collected in southern Italy from 2003 to 2012. The isolates were identified, serotyped, and challenged against 15 antibiotics according to the protocol defined at national level for veterinary isolates of Salmonella (EnterVet surveillance network). Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium, Hadar, Enteritidis, Derby, and 4,[5],12:i:- were those most frequently isolated. The widest resistances were recorded towards sulfonamides (69 % of the isolates), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (52 % of the isolates), and tetracycline (51 % of the isolates). The rate of multidrug resistance of the isolates decreased significantly from the first 5 years of the study period (82.6 %) to the last 5 years (54.3 %).

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sérotypizace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Itálie epidemiologie   MeSH

We investigated the presence and epidemiological relatedness of Salmonella isolates from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Brno, Czech Republic and from nestlings of black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) at the Nove Mlyny waterworks, situated 35 km downstream from the WWTP. During 2012, we collected 37 wastewater samples and 284 gull cloacal swabs. From wastewater samples, we obtained 89 Salmonella isolates belonging to 19 serotypes. At least one resistant strain was contained in 89% of those samples. Ten different serotypes of Salmonella were detected in 38 young gulls, among which 14 (37%) were resistant to antimicrobials. Wastewater isolates were mostly resistant to sulphonamides and tetracycline, gull isolates to tetracycline and ampicillin. We detected the occurrence of blaTEM-1,tet(A), tet(B), tet(G), sul1, sul2, sul3, floR and strA resistance genes. For the first time, we identified a class 1 integron with the dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 gene cassette in S. Infantis. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, we confirmed the presence of identical clusters of S. Agona, S. Enteritidis PT8, S. Infantis and S. Senftenberg in wastewater and black-headed gulls, thus indicating the possibility of resistant Salmonella isolates spreading over long distances in the environment.

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• Charadriiformes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• odpadní voda mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica genetika   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Raccoons are common in urban and rural environments and can carry a wide range of bacteria, including Salmonella, that can negatively affect human and livestock health. Although previous studies have reported that raccoons shed a variety of Salmonella serovars in their faeces, it is unknown whether Salmonella is carried on raccoon paws. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of Salmonella on the paws and in the faeces of raccoons in south-western Ontario. Raccoons were sampled in a repeat cross-sectional study on five swine farms and five conservation areas from May to October 2012. A total of 416 paired faecal and paw samples were collected from 285 individual raccoons. Salmonella was detected in 18% (75/416; 95% CI, 14-22%) and 27% (111/416; 95% CI, 22-31%) of paw and faecal samples, respectively. Salmonella was detected only on paws in 8% (35/416; 95% CI, 5.9-11.5%), only in faeces in 17% (71/416; 95% CI, 13.6-21.0%) and on both paws and in faeces in 10% (40/416; 95% CI, 7.0-12.9%) of raccoon captures. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine associations between the presence of Salmonella and age (adult, juvenile), sex (male, female), location type (swine farm, conservation area), sample type (faeces, paw) and season (May-July and August-October). Random intercepts were included to account for clustering by individual animal and location. Significant differences, that varied by sample type and season, were noted in the prevalence of Salmonella carriage between sexes. Raccoons can carry Salmonella serovars known to infect humans and livestock on their paws and/or in their faeces and therefore have the potential to mechanically and biologically disseminate Salmonella among livestock facilities and human recreational areas.

• MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mývalové mikrobiologie   MeSH
• noha (od hlezna dolů) mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ontario epidemiologie   MeSH

Salmonella has been detected in the feces of many wildlife species, including raccoons (Procyon lotor), but little is known about the epidemiology of Salmonella in wildlife living in different habitat types. Our objective was to investigate demographic, temporal, and climatic factors associated with the carriage of Salmonella in raccoons and their environment on swine farms and conservation areas. Using a repeated cross-sectional study design, we collected fecal samples from raccoons and environmental samples (soil, manure pits, dumpsters) on 5 swine farms and 5 conservation areas in Ontario, Canada once every five weeks from May to November, 2011-2013. Salmonella was detected in 26% (279/1093; 95% CI 22.9-28.2) of raccoon fecal samples, 6% (88/1609; 95% CI 4.5-6.8) of soil samples, 30% (21/69; 95% CI 20.0-42.7) of manure pit samples, and 23% (7/31; 95% CI 9.6-41.0) of dumpster samples. Of samples testing positive for Salmonella, antimicrobial resistance was detected in 5% (14/279; 95% CI 2.8-8.3) of raccoon fecal, 8% (7/89; 95% CI 3.2-15.5) of soil, 10% (2/21; 95% CI 1.2-30.4) of manure pit, and 0/7 dumpster samples. Using multi-level multivariable logistic regression analyses, we found location type (swine farm or conservation area) was not a significant explanatory variable for Salmonella occurrence in raccoon feces or soil (p > 0.05). However, detection of Salmonella in raccoon feces was associated with rainfall, season, and sex with various interaction effects among these variables. We detected a variety of Salmonella serovars that infect humans and livestock in the feces of raccoons indicating that raccoons living near humans, regardless of location type, may play a role in the epidemiology of salmonellosis in livestock and humans in southwestern Ontario.

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• farmy * MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
• mývalové mikrobiologie   MeSH
• roční období * MeSH
• Salmonella * účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ontario epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted on the presence of Salmonella in the rodents that inhabit the wet markets that play an important role in daily life in Southeast Asia. The results of studies of rodents as carriers of Salmonella vary greatly, ranging from an absence of Salmonella to high prevalences. Previous studies investigated habitats such as farms and urban and wild areas where there is less rodent-human interaction than in wet markets. Consequently, the potential role of rodents as reservoirs and transmitters of Salmonella in wet markets is of great interest. METHODS: Rodents were trapped in eight traditional wet markets in Thailand and identified to species level. Subsequently, they were screened for Salmonella and isolates were serotyped. RESULTS: A total of 110 rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus exulans) were examined. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella in rats was 49.10%, but varied between 0% and 73.3% among markets. Three serovars were identified: Salmonella Typhimurium (30%), S. Weltevreden (12.7%), and S. 4,[5],12:i:- (6.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that rodents in wet markets are a potential reservoir of Salmonella due to the close contact they have with humans and food. The three isolated serovars, of which serovar S. 4,[5],12:i:- is reported for the first time in rodents, are among the 10 commonest serovars isolated from humans in Thailand. Thus, more attention should be paid to rodents as potential reservoirs of Salmonella.

• MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• obchod * MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
• Salmonella klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zoonózy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Thajsko MeSH

A total of 156 tonsils and 156 mandibular lymph nodes from fattening pigs originating from 13 farms were sampled in Croatian slaughterhouses and examined for Salmonella spp. (n=78 per organ) and Yersinia enterocolitica (n=78 per organ) by cultural methods. Salmonella was isolated from two tonsils only, both originated from animals from the same farm (5.12%), while Y. enterocolitica were recovered from 26 tonsils (33.33%) which could be traced back to 10 farms. Salmonella was absent in mandibular lymph nodes, and Y. enterocolitica was isolated from eight lymph nodes (10.25%) which originated from six farms. Y. enterocolitica was present inside the lymph nodes of two pigs. The high prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in/on pig tonsils could be the result of cross-contamination during splitting the carcasses with head. This procedure may result in higher prevalence of Y. enterocolitica on surface of mandibular lymph nodes than in their depth. Traditional veterinary postmortem examination of pig halves will not necessarily contribute to cross-contamination with Salmonella or Yersinia under conditions of present slaughter practice.

• MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky MeSH
• infekce yersiniemi epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• jatka MeSH
• krční mandle mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mrtvola MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• Salmonella izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Yersinia enterocolitica izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Chorvatsko MeSH

It is well understood that Salmonella is carried by animals and in majority of cases as asymptomatic hosts. Surveillance efforts have focused on the role of agriculture and contamination points along the food chain as the main source of human infection; however, very little attention has been paid to the contribution of wildlife in the dissemination of Salmonella and what effect anthropogenic sources have on the circulation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella serovars in wildlife species. A purposive survey was taken of large corvids roosting yearly between November and March in Europe and North America. Two thousand and seven hundred and seventy-eight corvid faecal specimens from 11 countries were submitted for Salmonella spp. culture testing. Presumptive positive isolates were further serotyped, susceptibility tested and analysed for antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, 1.40% (39/2778) (CI = 1.01, 1.90) of samples were positive for Salmonella spp. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most prevalent serovar followed by S. Infantis, S. Montevideo and S. Typhimurium. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the proportion of Salmonella recovered in Europe versus North America. The most variability of serovars within a site was in Kansas, USA with five different serovars recovered. European sites were significantly more likely to yield Salmonella resistant to more than one antibiotic (OR 71.5, P < 0.001, CI = 3.77, 1358) than North American sites, where no resistance was found. Resistance to nalidixic acid, a quinolone, was recovered in nine isolates from four serovars in four different sites across Europe. Large corvids contribute to the transmission and dissemination of Salmonella and resistance genes between human and animal populations and across great distances. This information adds to the knowledge base of zoonotic pathogen prevalence and antibiotic resistance ecology in wild birds.

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• Salmonella účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• salmonelóza farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• vrány mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH

We report on a coinfection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium var. Copenhagen phage type DT2 in pigeons from one flock, from which squabs were occasionally consumed by humans. Triplex quantitative real-time PCR and culture methods were used for M. a. avium detection in livers and culture method was used for the detection of Salmonella sp. in samples of liver and caecum of 33 examined birds. M. a. avium was detected in a total of 31 (93.9%) and Salmonella Typhimurium in a total of 11 (33.3%) pigeons. Coinfection with both pathogens was found in 10 (30.3%), infection with Salmonella Typhimurium alone in 1 (3.0%), and infection with M. a. avium alone in 21 (63.7%) pigeons. Neither pathogen was detected in one pigeon. There was no difference in clinical symptoms exhibited by pigeons infected by M. a. avium and/or Salmonella Typhimurium. All Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were sensitive to all 15 antimicrobials tested. According to these results we emphasize good heat treatment of consumed squabs.

• MeSH
• antiinfekční látky farmakologie   MeSH
• cékum mikrobiologie   MeSH
• chov zvířat MeSH
• Columbidae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby veterinární   MeSH
• fagotypizace veterinární   MeSH
• játra mikrobiologie   MeSH
• koinfekce epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• Mycobacterium avium klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ptačí tuberkulóza epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sérotypizace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Cieľ práce: Objasniť prameň pôvodcu nákazy a cestu prenosu exotického sérovaru Salmonella Urbana. Materiál a metódy: Pre zisťovanie prameňa pôvodcu nákazy a ciest prenosu bola použitá metóda epidemiologického vyšetrenia v ohnisku nákazy a laboratórne mikrobiologické metódy na dôkaz prítomnosti baktérií rodu Salmonella z biologického materiálu, epidemiologicky podozrivých potravín, vody z terária a vzorky krmiva pre zvieratá chované v domácnosti a sérotypizácia izolovaných kmeňov salmonel. Výsledky: Salmonella Urbana bola potvrdená z rektálneho výteru chorého dieťaťa a zo vzorky vody z terária pre korytnačky. Laboratórnym vyšetrením domácich vajec konzumovaných v ohnisku nákazy, rektálneho výteru ostatných členov rodiny, vzorky krmiva pre korytnačky nebola zistená prítomnosť salmonel. Záver: Bol dokázaný prameň pôvodcu nákazy pre dvojročné dieťa s ochorením na salmonelózu vyvolanú exotickým sérovarom Salmonella Urbana. Boli ním „domáci miláčikovia“ vodné korytnačky. Pri izolácii exotických sérovarov salmonel je potrebné epidemiologické a laboratórne vyšetrenie zamerať aj na kontakt so zvieratami chovanými v domácnosti – zvlášť plazmi. V danej problematike je vhodné zintenzívniť edukáciu odbornej a laickej verejnosti.

Study aim: To clarify the source of infection with the exotic serovar Salmonella Urbana and the route of transmission in a 2-year-old child. Material and methods: To identify the source of infection and the route of transmission, we used epidemiological investigation of the case of salmonellosis and microbiological methods for the detection of Salmonella from biological specimens, epidemiologically suspected food, turtle tank water and feed, and serotyping of isolated strains of Salmonella. Results: Salmonella Urbana was confirmed in a rectal swab of the infected child and in a sample of turtle tank water. Laboratory analyses of farm eggs eaten by the investigated family, of rectal swabs of the other family members and of a turtle feed sample did not reveal the presence of salmonellae. Conclusion: The confirmed source of Salmonella infection caused by the exotic serovar Salmonella Urbana in a two-year-old child were pet water turtles. In the case of the isolation of exotic serovars of Salmonella, the epidemiological and laboratory investigation needs to be aimed at the contact with pet animals, especially reptiles. It is desirable to raise the awareness of both the public and health professionals of this issue.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plazi mikrobiologie   MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci veterinární   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• salmonelóza diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• želvy mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH