The 2024 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines for chronic kidney disease (CKD) evaluation and management bring important updates, particularly for European laboratories. These guidelines emphasize the need for harmonization in CKD testing, promoting the use of regional equations. In Europe, the European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC) equation is particularly suited for European populations, particularly compared to the CKD-EPI 2021 race-free equation. A significant focus is placed on the combined use of creatinine and cystatin C to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcr-cys), improving diagnostic accuracy. In situations where eGFR may be inaccurate or clinically insufficient, the guidelines encourage the use of measured GFR (mGFR) through exogenous markers like iohexol. These guidelines emphasize the need to standardize creatinine and cystatin C measurements, ensure traceability to international reference materials, and adopt harmonized reporting practices. The recommendations also highlight the importance of incorporating risk prediction models, such as the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE), into routine clinical practice to better tailor patient care. This article provides a European perspective on how these KDIGO updates should be implemented in clinical laboratories to enhance CKD diagnosis and management, ensuring consistency across the continent.
- MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- cystatin C krev MeSH
- hodnoty glomerulární filtrace * MeSH
- klinické laboratoře MeSH
- kreatinin krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
OBJECTIVE: This research investigated the effects of different hemodialysis modalities combined with low-calcium dialysate (LCD) on mineral metabolism and vascular calcification (VC) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: General data were collected from 192 cases of MHD patients, who were divided into 4 groups according to the randomized numerical table. Each group was given LCD treatment, and conventional hemodialysis (HD), high-flux HD (HFHD), hemodiafiltration (HDF), and HD + hemoperfusion (HP) were performed, respectively. The patients were dialyzed 3 times per week for 4 h each time, and each group was treated for 6 months. Fasting venous blood was collected. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured by ELISA, calcium (Ca2+), phosphorus (P), Ca2+-P product, serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), β2 microglobulin (β2-MG), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined by turbidimetric assay, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured by autoradiographic immunoassay. To assess the extent of calcification in the iliac artery and abdominal aorta, a multilayer spiral CT device was employed for abdominal scans. RESULTS: Serum IL-6, hs-CRP, TNF-α, Ca2+, P, Ca2+-P product, SCr, BUN, β2-MG, iPTH, and ALP levels decreased, while 25(OH)D levels increased in the four groups after treatment. The most pronounced effect on the reduction of IL-6, hs-CRP, TNF-α, Ca2+, P, Ca2+-P product, SCr, BUN, β2-MG, iPTH, and ALP was in the HD + HP group, followed by the HDF and HFHD groups, and then by the HD group. The rate of VC in the HDF, HFHD, and HD + HP groups was lower than that in the HD group, and the rate in the HD + HP group was lower than that in the HDF and HFHD groups. CONCLUSION: The combination of HD + HP and LCD in treating CKD with MHD is effective, evidently rectifying disruptions in serum Ca2+ and P metabolism, enhancing kidney function, lessening the body's inflammatory response, and lessening VC.
- MeSH
- C-reaktivní protein metabolismus analýza MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * terapie krev komplikace metabolismus MeSH
- dialýza ledvin * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- dialyzační roztoky farmakologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fosfor krev MeSH
- interleukin-6 krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- minerály metabolismus krev MeSH
- parathormon krev MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- TNF-alfa krev MeSH
- vápník * krev metabolismus MeSH
- vaskulární kalcifikace * krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Chronická obličková choroba sa u pacientov s alebo bez diabetes mellitus spája so zvýšeným rizikom hypoglykémie, hlavne dôsledkom poruchy glukoneogenézy a redukcie degradácie inzulínu v obličkách. Hypoglykémia sa často vyskytuje u hemodialyzovaných pacientov. Riziko hypoglykémie u týchto pacientov sa zvyšuje pri tesnej glykemickej kontrole pri liečbe inzulínom alebo perorálnymi antidiabetikami, použití dialyzačných roztokov bez glukózy a malnutrícii. V prevencii hypoglykémie u hemodialyzovaných pacientov s diabetes mellitus sa odporúča podávanie dialyzačných roztokov s koncentráciou glukózy v rozmedzí 5,5–11,1 mmol/l, individuálna titrácia dávky inzulínu a menej prísne cieľové hodnoty glykovaného hemoglobínu 7–8 % podľa DCCT v prípade opakovaných hypoglykémií.
Chronic kidney disease in patients with or without diabetes mellitus is associated with higher risk of hypoglycemia, mainly due to defect of kidney gluconeogenesis and reduction of renal insulin clearance. Hypoglycemia often occurs in patients on hemodialysis. Risk of hypoglycemia in these patients is increased in the case of strict glycemic control during treatment by insulin or oral antidiabetics, using of dialysate solutions without glucose and malnutrition. In prevention of hypoglycemia in hemodialyzed diabetic patients there is recommended using of dialysate solutions with glucose concentration 5.5–11.1 mM/L, individual titration of insulin dose and less strict goals of glycosylated hemoglobin values 7–8 % according to DCCT in the case of repeated hypoglycemias.
Poškození funkce ledvin patří mezi podceňovaná rizika nekompenzované hypertenze. Dlouhodobé nepříznivé působení vysokého krevního tlaku je rizikové již od mladého věku. V prevenci hypertenzního poškození ledvin je potřebná časná diagnóza a důsledná léčba hypertenze. Podle nových doporučení je třeba vést léčbu k cílovým hodnotám TK < 130/80 mmHg, kterých by mělo být dosaženo optimálně do 3 měsíců od zahájení terapie. U každého hypertonika je navíc doporučeno vyšetřovat nejméně 1× ročně glomerulární filtraci a albuminurii (pomocí poměru albumin : kreatinin v moči). V terapii pacientů s hypertenzí a chronickou renální insuficiencí je zásadní kompenzace krevního tlaku, restrikce konzumace soli a výběr nefroprotektivních antihypertenziv, zejm. ACEI, které je třeba titrovat k nejvyšší tolerované dávce. Již ve druhém kroku léčby hypertenze je doporučena trojkombinace antihypertenziv, pokud ani ta není dostatečná, přidává se nejčastějii spironolakton. Z diuretik by měla být preferována thiazidová a thiazidům podobná diuretika, pouze při hypervolemii, pokročilé renální insuficienci nebo srdečním selhání je vhodný furosemid. Při výpočtu kardiovaskulárního rizika pacientů s hypertenzí je třeba zohlednit i přítomnost albuminurie a u pacientů s vysokým KV rizikem podávat statin.
Renal impairment is one of the underestimated risks of uncompensated hypertension. Long-term adverse effects of high blood pressure are risky from a young age. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment of hypertension are needed in the prevention of hypertensive kidney damage. According to the new recommendations, treatment should be guided to target BP values < 130/80 mmHg, which should be optimally achieved within 3 months of therapy. In addition, it is recommended that every hypertensive patient be examined glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria (using the albumin : creatinine ratio in the urine) at least once a year. In the management of patients with hypertension and chronic renal insufficiency, blood pressure compensation, salt restriction, and the selection of nephroprotectives, especially the use of non-fetal antihypertensives, where ACEIs should be titrated to the highest tolerated dose, are essential. In the second step of the treatment of hypertension, a triple combination of antihypertensive drugs is recommended. If it is insufficient, spironolactone is most often added. Of the diuretics, thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics should be preferred, only in hypervolemia, advanced renal insufficiency, or heart failure furosemide is suitable. When calculating the cardiovascular risk of hypertensive patients, the presence of albuminuria should be taken into account and a statin should be administered in patients at high CV risk.
- MeSH
- antihypertenziva aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * terapie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu farmakoterapie MeSH
- fixní kombinace léků MeSH
- hypertenze * farmakoterapie komplikace patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- proteinurie farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
BACKGROUND: This retrospective real-world study used data from two registries, International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network (IPPN) and International Pediatric Hemodialysis Network (IPHN), to characterize the efficacy and safety of continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (C.E.R.A.) in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: IPPN and IPHN collect prospective data (baseline and every 6 months) from pediatric PD and HD centers worldwide. Demographics, clinical characteristics, dialysis information, treatment, laboratory parameters, number and causes of hospitalization events, and deaths were extracted for patients on C.E.R.A. treatment (IPPN: 2007-2021; IPHN: 2013-2021). RESULTS: We analyzed 177 patients on PD (median age 10.6 years) and 52 patients on HD (median age 14.1 years) who had ≥ 1 observation while being treated with C.E.R.A. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) observation time under C.E.R.A. exposure was 6 (0-12.5) and 12 (0-18) months, respectively. Hemoglobin concentrations were stable over time; respective means (standard deviation) at last observation were 10.9 (1.7) g/dL and 10.4 (1.7) g/dL. Respective median (IQR) monthly C.E.R.A. doses at last observation were 3.5 (2.3-5.1) μg/kg, or 95 (62-145) μg/m2 and 2.1 (1.2-3.4) μg/kg, or 63 (40-98) μg/m2. Non-elective hospitalizations occurred in 102 (58%) PD and 32 (62%) HD patients. Seven deaths occurred (19.8 deaths per 1000 observation years). CONCLUSIONS: C.E.R.A. was associated with efficient maintenance of hemoglobin concentrations in pediatric patients with CKD on dialysis, and appeared to have a favorable safety profile. The current analysis revealed no safety signals.
- MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * terapie farmakoterapie MeSH
- chronické selhání ledvin * terapie MeSH
- dialýza ledvin škodlivé účinky MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- erythropoetin * MeSH
- hemoglobiny analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- registrace MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Chronická choroba obličiek sa rozvinie takmer u 20–40 % diabetikov. Diabetes mellitus je vedúcou z príčin chronickej choroby obličiek u dialyzovaných pacientov. Diabetológ má kľúčovú úlohu v diagnostike, ovplyvnení jej progresie a prechodu do štádia zlyhania obličiek. Pacient s potvrdenou diabetickou chorobou obličiek má veľmi vysoké kardiovaskulárne riziko a riziko náhleho úmrtia. Manažment liečby diabetika s rozvinutými obličkovými komplikáciami by mal byť preto komplexný s cieľom ovplyvniť jednotlivé kardiovaskulárne rizikové faktory. Holistický prístup preferuje aj konsenzus ADA (American Diabetes Association) a KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) z roku 2022. Úprava režimových opatrení, liečba artériovej hypertenzie, dyslipidémie a úprava glykemickej kompenzácie tvoria základné piliere manažmentu a sú v kompetencii diabetológa. Preferovanými skupinami v liečbe diabetes mellitus 2. typu sú SGLT2-inhibítory (SGLT2i), GLP1-receptorové agonisty (GLP1-RA) a metformín. Za doplnkové liečivá sú považované inhibítory dipeptidylpeptidázy 4, deriváty sulfonylurey a inzulín. V prípade diabetes mellitus 1. typu zostáva ako jediná terapeutická možnosť inzulínoterapia. Nové skupiny antidiabetík (SGLT2i, GLP1-RA) majú preukázaný nefroprotektívny benefit (spomalenie progresie choroby obličiek, redukcia mikroalbuminúrie). Včasná iniciácia nefroprotektívnej liečby vie výrazne ovplyvniť rizikovosť a mortalitu pacienta. Komplementárne vyskladanie liečby diabetológom a nefrológom je kľúčové v manažmente pacienta. Článok prezentuje možnosti manažmentu diabetickej choroby obličiek zo strany diabetológa, zdôrazňuje potrebu komplexného prístupu a úzku spoluprácu s ďalšími špecialistami.
Chronic kidney disease develops in almost 20–40 % of patients with diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in dialysis patients. The diabetologist has a key role in diagnosis, influencing its progression and the transition to the stage of kidney failure. A patient with confirmed diabetic kidney disease has a very high cardiovascular and sudden death risk. The management of the treatment of a diabetic patient with developed renal complications should therefore be comprehensive in order to influence individual cardiovascular risk factors. A holistic approach is also preferred by the consensus of the ADA (American Diabetes Association) and KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) from 2022. Adjustment of lifestyle interventions, treatment of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and adjustment of glycemic compensation form the basic pillars of management and are the competence of the diabetologist. SGLT2-inhibitors (SGLT2i), GLP1-receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) and metformin are the preferred groups in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, sulfonylurea derivatives and insulin therapy are considered as complementary drugs. In the case of type 1 diabetes mellitus, insulin therapy remains the only possible option. New groups of antidiabetics (SGLT2i, GLP1-RA) have a proven nephroprotective benefit (slowing down the progression of kidney disease, reducing microalbuminuria). Early initiation of nephroprotective treatment can significantly affect the patient’s risk and mortality. Complementary creating of the treatment by a diabetologist and a nephrologist is key in patient management. This article presents the possibilities of diabetic kidney disease management by a diabetologist, emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach and close cooperation with other specialists.
- MeSH
- albuminurie diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience diagnóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus diagnóza terapie MeSH
- diabetické nefropatie * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- glifloziny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- hyperlipidemie diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- hypertenze farmakoterapie MeSH
- komplikace diabetu prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Riziko onemocnění koronárních tepen nejen u dospělých, ale i u dětí především souvisí s rizikovými faktory, které vedou k akceleraci aterosklerózy. Mezi tyto faktory se tradičně řadí hypercholesterolemie, obezita, diabetes mellitus, hypertenze a kouření. Další méně známou rizikovou skupinou pro koronární onemocnění jsou jedinci se srdečními, cévními či dalšími chronickými onemocněními. Jedná se především o chronická onemocnění ledvin, chronická zánětlivá onemocnění, malignity, některé vrozené vady srdce, vrozené či získané anomálie koronárních tepen, včetně stavů po intervencích na koronárních tepnách, Kawasakiho nemoc, případně koronární vaskulopatie štěpu po transplantaci srdce. Tato onemocnění musejí proto být zohledněna při stratifikaci kardiovaskulárního rizika a u dětí s uvedenými onemocněními by měl být práh pro zahájení léčby tradičních kardiovaskulárních rizikových faktorů nižší. Článek vychází z nedávno publikovaných doporučení American Heart Association. Jeho smyslem je upozornit nejen na tradiční kardiovaskulární rizikové faktory, ale také právě na asociaci některých chronických onemocnění s akcelerací aterosklerotického postižení koronárních tepen a zároveň nabídnout doporučení ke stratifikaci a snížení tohoto rizika již od dětství.
Coronary artery disease risk not only in adults but also in children is predominantly related to risk factors associated with atherosclerosis. These traditional cardiovascular risk factors include hypercholesterolaemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and smoking. Another high risk group for coronary artery disease are individuals with cardiac, vascular or other chronic diseases. These include chronic kidney diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, malignancies, certain congenital heart defects, inborn or acquired coronary anomalies including interventions on coronary arteries, Kawasaki disease and cardiac allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients. The presence of these chronic conditions should modify the risk assessment and de- crease the threshold for initiation of treatment of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in this subpopulation. The presented review is based on the recently published scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Its aim is to increase awareness of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in children as well as of the association of certain chronic conditions with accelerated atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. It also offers recommendations for the assessment and reduction of coronary artery disease risk already from childhood.
- MeSH
- ateroskleróza etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience diagnóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus diagnóza terapie MeSH
- hodnocení rizik * MeSH
- hyperlipoproteinemie typ II diagnóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- hypertenze terapie MeSH
- Kawasakiho syndrom komplikace MeSH
- kouření tabáku patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory komplikace MeSH
- nemoci koronárních tepen * etiologie prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- obezita komplikace terapie MeSH
- rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob * MeSH
- statiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- vrozené srdeční vady komplikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience komplikace terapie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu komplikace prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus * diagnóza prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- hypoglykemika aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- ischemická choroba srdeční diagnóza farmakoterapie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci etiologie prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- komplikace diabetu MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob MeSH
- srdeční arytmie etiologie terapie MeSH
- srdeční selhání etiologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH
The 9th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial (CVOT) Summit: Congress on Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Outcomes was held virtually on November 30-December 1, 2023. This reference congress served as a platform for in-depth discussions and exchange on recently completed outcomes trials including dapagliflozin (DAPA-MI), semaglutide (SELECT and STEP-HFpEF) and bempedoic acid (CLEAR Outcomes), and the advances they represent in reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), improving metabolic outcomes, and treating obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). A broad audience of endocrinologists, diabetologists, cardiologists, nephrologists and primary care physicians participated in online discussions on guideline updates for the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes, heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD); advances in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its comorbidities; advances in the management of CKD with SGLT2 inhibitors and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (nsMRAs); and advances in the treatment of obesity with GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. The association of diabetes and obesity with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, MASH) and cancer and possible treatments for these complications were also explored. It is generally assumed that treatment of chronic diseases is equally effective for all patients. However, as discussed at the Summit, this assumption may not be true. Therefore, it is important to enroll patients from diverse racial and ethnic groups in clinical trials and to analyze patient-reported outcomes to assess treatment efficacy, and to develop innovative approaches to tailor medications to those who benefit most with minimal side effects. Other keys to a successful management of diabetes and comorbidities, including dementia, entail the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology and the implementation of appropriate patient-physician communication strategies. The 10th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial Summit will be held virtually on December 5-6, 2024 ( http://www.cvot.org ).
- MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu * farmakoterapie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus * farmakoterapie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * diagnóza epidemiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- krevní glukóza MeSH
- ledviny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obezita komplikace MeSH
- selfmonitoring glykemie MeSH
- srdeční selhání * komplikace MeSH
- tepový objem MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- dopisy MeSH