The inhalation of metal (including lead) nanoparticles poses a real health issue to people and animals living in polluted and/or industrial areas. In this study, we exposed mice to lead(II) nitrate nanoparticles [Pb(NO3)2 NPs], which represent a highly soluble form of lead, by inhalation. We aimed to uncover the effects of their exposure on individual target organs and to reveal potential variability in the lead clearance. We examined (i) lead biodistribution in target organs using laser ablation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), (ii) lead effect on histopathological changes and immune cells response in secondary target organs and (iii) the clearance ability of target organs. In the lungs and liver, Pb(NO3)2 NP inhalation induced serious structural changes and their damage was present even after a 5-week clearance period despite the lead having been almost completely eliminated from the tissues. The numbers of macrophages significantly decreased after 11-week Pb(NO3)2 NP inhalation; conversely, abundance of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive cells, which are responsible for augmented collagen production, increased in both tissues. Moreover, the expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and selected cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), interleukin 6(IL-6), IL-1α and IL-1β , displayed a tissue-specific response to lead exposure. In summary, diminished inflammatory response in tissues after Pb(NO3)2 NPs inhalation was associated with prolonged negative effect of lead on tissues, as demonstrated by sustained pathological changes in target organs, even after long clearance period.
- MeSH
- aktiny agonisté genetika imunologie MeSH
- alveolární makrofágy účinky léků imunologie patologie MeSH
- aplikace inhalační MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- dusičnany farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- inhalační expozice analýza MeSH
- interleukin-1alfa agonisté genetika imunologie MeSH
- interleukin-1beta agonisté genetika imunologie MeSH
- interleukin-6 agonisté genetika imunologie MeSH
- játra účinky léků imunologie patologie MeSH
- kovové nanočástice aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- myši inbrední ICR MeSH
- myši MeSH
- NF-kappa B agonisté genetika imunologie MeSH
- olovo farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- plíce účinky léků imunologie patologie MeSH
- poločas MeSH
- spektrofotometrie atomová MeSH
- tkáňová distribuce MeSH
- TNF-alfa agonisté genetika imunologie MeSH
- transformující růstový faktor beta1 agonisté genetika imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Orchids are distributed around the world, however, the factors shaping their specific distribution and habitat preferences are largely unknown. Moreover, many orchids are at risk of becoming threatened as landscapes change, sometimes declining without apparent reason. One important factor affecting plant distribution is nutrient levels in the environment. Nitrates can inhibit not only orchid growth and persistence, but also seed germination. We used in vitro axenic cultures to exactly determine the germination sensitivity of seven orchid species to nitrates and correlated this with soil properties of the natural sites and with the species' habitat preferences. We found high variation in response to nitrate between species. Orchids from oligotrophic habitats were highly sensitive, while orchids from more eutrophic habitats were almost insensitive. Sensitivity to nitrate was also associated with soil parameters that indicated a higher nitrification rate. Our results indicate that nitrate can affect orchid distribution via direct inhibition of seed germination. Nitrate levels in soils are increasing rapidly due to intensification of agricultural processes and concurrent soil pollution, and we propose this increase could cause a decline in some orchid species.
Potassium nitrate (E252) is widely used as a food preservative and has applications in the treatment of high blood pressure however high doses are carcinogenic. Larvae of Galleria mellonella were administered potassium nitrate to establish whether the acute effects in larvae correlated with those evident in mammals. Intra-haemocoel injection of potassium nitrate resulted in a significant increase in the density of circulating haemocytes and a small change in the relative proportions of haemocytes but haemocytes showed a reduced fungicidal ability. Potassium nitrate administration resulted in increased superoxide dismutase activity and in the abundance of a range of proteins associated with mitochondrial function (e.g. mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, putative mitochondrial Mn superoxide dismutase), metabolism (e.g. triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase) and nitrate metabolism (e.g. aliphatic nitrilase, glutathione S-transferase). A strong correlation exists between the toxicity of a range of food preservatives when tested in G. mellonella larvae and rats. In this work a correlation between the effect of potassium nitrate in larvae and mammals is shown and opens the way to the utilization of insects for studying the in vivo acute and chronic toxicity of xenobiotics.
- MeSH
- aldehyddehydrogenasa metabolismus MeSH
- aminohydrolasy metabolismus MeSH
- dusičnany metabolismus farmakologie toxicita MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa metabolismus MeSH
- glyceraldehyd-3-fosfátdehydrogenasa (NADP+) metabolismus MeSH
- hemocyty účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- katalasa metabolismus MeSH
- larva účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- mitochondriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- můry metabolismus MeSH
- oxidace-redukce účinky léků MeSH
- proteom metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- sloučeniny draslíku farmakologie toxicita MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa metabolismus MeSH
- testy akutní toxicity metody MeSH
- triózafosfátizomeráza metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The effects of four copper(II) mixed-ligand complexes [Cu(qui1)(L)]NO3·H2O (1-3) and [Cu(qui2)(phen)]NO3 (4), where qui1=2-phenyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinone, Hqui2=2-(4-amino-3,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-propyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinone-7-carboxamide, L=1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (1), 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (mphen) (2), bathophenanthroline (bphen) (3), on transcriptional activities of steroid receptors, nuclear receptors and xenoreceptors have been studied. The complexes (1-4) did not influence basal or ligand-inducible activities of glucocorticoid receptor, androgen receptor, thyroid receptor, pregnane X receptor and vitamin D receptor, as revealed by gene reporter assays. The complexes 1 and 2 dose-dependently induced luciferase activity in stable gene reporter AZ-AhR cell line, and this induction was reverted by resveratrol, indicating involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the process. The complexes 1, 2 and 3 induced CYP1A1 mRNA in LS180 cells and CYP1A1/CYP1A2 in human hepatocytes through AhR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay EMSA showed that the complexes 1 and 2 transformed AhR in its DNA-binding form. Collectively, we demonstrate that the complexes 1 and 2 activate AhR and induce AhR-dependent genes in human hepatocytes and cancer cell lines. In conclusion, the data presented here might be of toxicological importance, regarding the multiple roles of AhR in human physiology and pathophysiology.
- MeSH
- aktivace transkripce účinky léků MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP1A2 biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dusičnany toxicita MeSH
- enzymová indukce MeSH
- fenantroliny toxicita MeSH
- genetická transkripce účinky léků MeSH
- hepatocyty účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- měď toxicita MeSH
- messenger RNA biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- MFC-7 buňky MeSH
- primární buněčná kultura MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků agonisté genetika metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- transfekce MeSH
- transkripční faktory bHLH agonisté genetika metabolismus MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This study evaluates the toxic effects of five substances (atropine, fenitrothion, potassium cyanide, mercuric chloride and lead nitrate) on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It describes a new biological toxicity test based on inhibition of S. cerevisiae viability and compares it with two standard toxicity tests based on Daphnia magna mobility inhibition (EN ISO 6341) and Vibrio fischeri bioluminiscence inhibition (EN ISO 11348-2). The new biological test -S. cerevisiae lethal test - is cheaper and 24 times faster than the D. magna test. The test speed is comparable with the V. fischeri test but the new test is more sensitive for some substances. The test indicates reliably the presence of all used toxicants in water in concentrations which are significantly lower than the concentration in toxic or lethal doses for man. Therefore, this new toxicity test could be proposed for rapid detection of toxic substances in water.
- MeSH
- atropin analýza toxicita MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza toxicita MeSH
- chlorid rtuťnatý analýza toxicita MeSH
- dusičnany analýza toxicita MeSH
- fenitrotion analýza toxicita MeSH
- kyanid draselný analýza toxicita MeSH
- methylenová modř metabolismus MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- nebezpečné látky analýza toxicita MeSH
- olovo analýza toxicita MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- testy toxicity metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- dusičnany analýza škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- exploze MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- směrnice jako téma MeSH
- únik nebezpečných chemických látek dějiny prevence a kontrola MeSH
- urgentní zdravotnické služby využití MeSH
- záchranná práce organizace a řízení MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Francie MeSH
- MeSH
- dusičnany * toxicita MeSH
- jod moč MeSH
- kreatinin moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- perchloráty * moč toxicita MeSH
- pracovní expozice * MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- štítná žláza anatomie a histologie účinky léků MeSH
- symportéry antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- thiokyanatany * toxicita MeSH
- thyreotropin krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- souhrny MeSH
