Background: Asprosin is correlated to many pathologic of glucose dysregulation, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, serum lipids, and adiposity.Objective investigating the role of the asprosin hormone and its relationship to insulin resistance in newly diagnosed metabolic syndrome and clinical parameters.Methods: The study included measurement of asprosin hormone, insulin, insulin resistance and some biochemical variable levels in metabolic syndrome patients with age matching to the control group (35 - 65 years). The study included the measurement of asprosin hormone. MetS were diagnosed in compliance with the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) criteria for patients attending the abdominal consultation unit at the Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital in Mosul, Iraq.Results: The findings revealed a significant increase in the concertation of asprosin hormone in metabolic syndrome patients compared to the control group. Also, it has been found that was a significant increase in the concertation of glucose, insulin, homeostasis model for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Glucose to insulin Ratio(G/I), Triglyceride Glucose index (TyG), and McAuley Index, in addition to decreasing in homeostasis model for β-cell function(HOMA-%β), sensitivity of insulin(HOMA-%S) and Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index(QUICKI) in the metabolic syndrome patients. there is also a significant positive correlation between asprosin hormone with insulin resistance.Conclusion: Findings indicated that serum levels of asprosin and insulin resistance are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome. Also, they have a relationship with clinical parameters. So asprosin hormone can be used new biomarker of metabolic turbulence.
- Klíčová slova
- asprosin,
- MeSH
- biologické markery analýza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hormony analýza MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence * fyziologie MeSH
- inzuliny analýza MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolický syndrom * komplikace patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
Bariatric procedures are considered to be the most effective treatment options for obesity. One of them is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), which is nowadays very popular and widely used. LSG leads to weight loss and metabolic improvement and also changes adipokine levels, although it is just a restrictive operation. We describe changes in pro-inflammatory (leptin, resistin, visfatin and chemerin) and anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin, omentin), with adiponectin and leptin being most studied. Their levels are markedly changed after LSG and this may partially explain the weight loss seen after LSG. Adipokines are closely connected to insulin resistance and chronic inflammation both being positively influenced after LSG. Leptin regulates amount of body fat, appetite, thermogenesis and metabolic rate and its levels are positively correlated with both weight and BMI changes after operation. Resistin influences insulin sensitivity, modulates body cholesterol trafficking and its changes after operation correlate with BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, LDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein. Chemerin, an important component of immune system, decreases after bariatric surgery and its levels correlate with BMI, triglyceride levels, and blood glucose. On the other hand, pro-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin, which influences fatty acid oxidation, browning of fat tissue and energy metabolism, is declining after LSG. This decline explains improvement of glucose status after bariatric surgery in patients with diabetes and is correlated with BMI loss, waist circumference and LDL cholesterol level. Effect of LSG goes beyond calory restriction and the changes of adipokines have a great impact on health status of the bariatric patients.
- MeSH
- adipokiny MeSH
- adiponektin MeSH
- gastrektomie metody MeSH
- hmotnostní úbytek fyziologie MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence * fyziologie MeSH
- laparoskopie * metody MeSH
- LDL-cholesterol MeSH
- leptin MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- morbidní obezita * metabolismus chirurgie MeSH
- resistin MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In recent years, there has been an increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular events related to insulin resistance. As one of the target organs for insulin, adipose tissue is essential for maintaining in vivo immune homeostasis and metabolic regulation. Currently, the specific adipose tissue mechanisms involved in insulin resistance remain incompletely understood. There is increasing evidence that the process of insulin resistance is mostly accompanied by a dramatic increase in the number and phenotypic changes of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). In this review, we discuss the origins and functions of ATMs, some regulatory factors of ATM phenotypes, and the mechanisms through which ATMs mediate insulin resistance. We explore how ATM phenotypes contribute to insulin resistance in adipose tissue. We expect that modulation of ATM phenotypes will provide a novel strategy for the treatment of diseases associated with insulin resistance.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu * metabolismus MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- makrofágy metabolismus MeSH
- tuková tkáň metabolismus MeSH
- zánět metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was shown to be associated with an increased risk of new-onset diabetes. Mechanisms contributing to the development of hyperglycemia are still unclear. We aimed to study whether hyperglycemia is related to insulin resistance and/or beta cell dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Survivors of severe COVID-19 but without a known history of diabetes were examined at baseline (T0) and after 3 (T3) and 6 (T6) months: corticosteroids use, indirect calorimetry, and OGTT. Insulin response and sensitivity (IS) were expressed as insulinogenic (IGI), disposition (DI), and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI). Resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) was calculated from the gas exchange and nitrogen losses. RESULTS: 26 patients (out of 37) with complete outcome data were included in the analysis (age ~59.0 years; BMI ~ 30.4, 35% women). Patients were hypermetabolic at T0 (30.3 ± 4.0 kcal/kg lean mass/day, ~120% predicted) but REE declined over 6 months (ΔT6-T0 mean dif. T6-T0 (95% CI): -5.4 (-6.8, -4.1) kcal/kg FFM/day, p < 0.0001). 17 patients at T0 and 13 patients at T6 had hyperglycemia. None of the patients had positive islet autoantibodies. Insulin sensitivity in T0 was similarly low in hyperglycemic (H) and normoglycemic patients (N) (T0 ISIH = 3.12 ± 1.23, ISIN = 3.47 ± 1.78, p = 0.44), whereas insulin response was lower in the H group (DIH = 3.05 ± 1.79 vs DIN = 8.40 ± 5.42, p = 0.003). Over 6 months ISI (ΔT6-T0 mean dif. T6-T0 for ISI (95% CI): 1.84 (0.45, 3.24), p = 0.01)) increased in the H group only. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with severe COVID-19 had increased REE and insulin resistance during the acute phase due to the infection and corticosteroid use, but these effects do not persist during the follow-up period. Only patients with insufficient insulin response developed hyperglycemia, indicating that beta cell dysfunction, rather than insulin resistance, was responsible for its occurrence.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * komplikace MeSH
- hyperglykemie * MeSH
- inzulin MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence * fyziologie MeSH
- krevní glukóza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Natural compounds may bear promising therapeutic benefits against metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which are characterized by a state of insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we examined the cellular mechanisms by which aspalathin, a dihydrochalcone C-glucoside unique to rooibos, may ameliorate palmitate-induced insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured C2C12 myotubules. This current study demonstrated that aspalathin remains effective in improving glucose uptake in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells, supported by the upregulation of insulin-dependent signaling that involves the activation of insulin receptor (IR) and direct phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT). Interestingly, aspalathin also improved mitochondrial respiration and function, which was evident by an increased expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (Cpt1), fatty acid transport protein 1 (Fatp1), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), and transcription factor A, mitochondrial (Tfam). Importantly, our results showed that aspalathin treatment was effective in ameliorating the devastating outcomes of insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction that are linked with an undesired pro-inflammatory response, by reducing the levels of well-known pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and protein kinase C-theta (PKC-theta). Thus, beyond improving glucose uptake and insulin signaling, the current study brings a new perspective in the therapeutic benefits of aspalathin in improving mitochondrial respiration and blocking inflammation to attenuate the detrimental effect of palmitate in skeletal muscle cells.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu * metabolismus MeSH
- glukosa metabolismus MeSH
- inzulin farmakologie MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence * fyziologie MeSH
- kosterní svalová vlákna metabolismus MeSH
- kosterní svaly metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus MeSH
- palmitany MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: If menopause is really independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease is still under debate. We studied if ovariectomy in the model of insulin resistance causes cardiovascular changes, to what extent are these changes reversible by estradiol substitution and if they are accompanied by changes in other organs and tissues. METHODS: Hereditary hypertriglyceridemic female rats were divided into three groups: ovariectomized at 8th week (n = 6), ovariectomized with 17-β estradiol substitution (n = 6), and the sham group (n = 5). The strain of abdominal aorta measured by ultrasound, expression of vascular genes, weight and content of myocardium and also non-cardiac parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: After ovariectomy, the strain of abdominal aorta, expression of nitric oxide synthase in abdominal aorta, relative weight of myocardium and of the left ventricle and circulating interleukin-6 decreased; these changes were reversed by estradiol substitution. Interestingly, the content of triglycerides in myocardium did not change after ovariectomy, but significantly increased after estradiol substitution while adiposity index did not change after ovariectomy, but significantly decreased after estradiol substitution. CONCLUSION: Vascular and cardiac parameters under study differed in their response to ovariectomy and estradiol substitution. This indicates different effects of ovariectomy and estradiol on different cardiovascular but also extracardiac structures.
INTRODUCTION: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key and early pathogenetic mechanism of cardiometabolic diseases with huge potential if detected early and mitigated, for lowering the burden of the disease. Available data are conflicting to what extent adult thyroid dysfunction is associated with IR. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association and to identify which thyroid parameters are predictors of IR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After undergoing basic anthropometric and biochemical studies including thyroid hormones, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and insulin, 1425 middle-aged individuals were divided into three groups according to thyroid parameters: overt hypothyroidism (OH), subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), and euthyroidism (EU). RESULTS: The homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), fasting insulin, and two-hour glucose levels of OGTT showed a steady, yet insignificant, increase from EU through SH to OH. The strongest noted correlations were those of insulin levels with free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine (FT3/FT4) ratio (r = 0.206, p < 0.001) and FT3 (r = 0.205, p < 0.001). Also in the case of HOMA-IR, the only statistically significant correlations were observed for FT3 (r = 0.181, p < 0.001) and the FT3/FT4 ratio (r = 0.165, p < 0.001). Among other thyroid hormones, linear logistic regression proved the FT3/FT4 ratio as the only significant predictor of HOMA-IR (linear coefficient = 5.26, p = 0.027) and insulin levels (linear coefficient = 18.01, p = 0.023), respectively. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was not associated with IR in either correlation or regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The FT3/FT4 ratio should be more emphasised in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders. Patients could benefit from a pharmacological reduction of the FT3/FT4 ratio, potentially leading to a decrease in insulin resistance, and thus a corresponding decrease in the risk of the cardiometabolic diseases.
- MeSH
- hypotyreóza metabolismus MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- testy funkce štítné žlázy MeSH
- thyroxin krev MeSH
- trijodthyronin krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, mechanisms mediating association between these two conditions remain unclear. This study investigated, whether the OSA-associated changes in adipose tissue lipolysis might contribute to impaired glucose homeostasis in patient with T2DM. Thirty-five matched subjects were recruited into three groups: T2DM + severe OSA (T2DM + OSA, n = 11), T2DM with mild/no OSA (T2DM, n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 14). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue microdialysis assessed spontaneous, epinephrine- and isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis. Glucose metabolism was assessed by intravenous glucose tolerance test. Spontaneous lipolysis was higher in the T2DM + OSA compared with the T2DM (60.34 ± 23.40 vs. 42.53 ± 10.16 μmol/L, p = 0.013), as well as epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis (236.84 ± 103.90 vs. 167.39 ± 52.17 µmol/L, p < 0.001). Isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis was unaffected by the presence of OSA (p = 0.750). The α2 anti-lipolytic effect was decreased in T2DM + OSA by 59% and 315% compared with T2DM and controls (p = 0.045 and p = 0.007, respectively). The severity of OSA (AHI) was positively associated with spontaneous (p = 0.037) and epinephrine-stimulated (p = 0.026) lipolysis. The α2-adrenergic anti-lipolytic effect (p = 0.043) decreased with increasing AHI. Spontaneous lipolysis was positively associated with Insulin resistance (r = 0.50, p = 0.002). Epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis was negatively associated with the Disposition index (r = - 0.34, p = 0.048). AHI was positively associated with Insulin resistance (p = 0.017) and negatively with the Disposition index (p = 0.038). Severe OSA in patients with T2DM increased adipose tissue lipolysis, probably due to inhibition of the α2-adrenergic anti-lipolytic effect. We suggest that dysregulated lipolysis might contribute to OSA-associated impairments in insulin secretion and sensitivity.
- MeSH
- adrenalin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu komplikace epidemiologie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- glukosa metabolismus MeSH
- homeostáza fyziologie MeSH
- inzulin metabolismus MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence fyziologie MeSH
- isoprenalin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipolýza účinky léků genetika MeSH
- obstrukční spánková apnoe komplikace epidemiologie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- tuková tkáň účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
CONTEXT: Metabolic disturbances and a pro-inflammatory state associated with aging and obesity may be mitigated by physical activity or nutrition interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess whether physical fitness/exercise training (ET) alleviates inflammation in adipose tissue (AT), particularly in combination with omega-3 supplementation, and whether changes in AT induced by ET can contribute to an improvement of insulin sensitivity and metabolic health in the elderly. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of physical fitness was determined in cross-sectional comparison of physically active/physically fit (trained) and sedentary/less physically fit (untrained) older women (71 ± 4 years, n = 48); and in double-blind randomized intervention by 4 months of ET with or without omega-3 (Calanus oil) supplementation (n = 55). Physical fitness was evaluated by spiroergometry (maximum graded exercise test) and senior fitness tests. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Samples of subcutaneous AT were used to analyze mRNA gene expression, cytokine secretion, and immune cell populations. RESULTS: Trained women had lower mRNA levels of inflammation and oxidative stress markers, lower relative content of CD36+ macrophages, and higher relative content of γδT-cells in AT when compared with untrained women. Similar effects were recapitulated in response to a 4-month ET intervention. Content of CD36+ cells, γδT-cells, and mRNA expression of several inflammatory and oxidative stress markers correlated to insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSIONS: In older women, physical fitness is associated with less inflammation in AT. This may contribute to beneficial metabolic outcomes achieved by ET. When combined with ET, omega-3 supplementation had no additional beneficial effects on AT inflammatory characteristics.
- MeSH
- cvičení fyziologie MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence fyziologie MeSH
- kardiorespirační zdatnost fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stárnutí fyziologie MeSH
- svalová síla fyziologie MeSH
- tělesná výkonnost fyziologie MeSH
- terapie cvičením MeSH
- tuková tkáň imunologie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- zánět metabolismus patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Diabetes mellitus (DM) 2. typu představuje heterogenní skupinu onemocnění postihujících štíhlé i obézní jedince všech věkových kategorií, včetně obézních dětí. Jeho nejčastější podoba se začíná rozvíjet po překročení individuální kapacity tukové tkáně (tukového prahu), což vede k ektopickému ukládání tuku ve svalech a játrech a rozvoji inzulinové rezistence. U disponovaných jedinců dochází také k rozvoji dysfunkce beta-buněk, která vyústí v postupné zvyšování hladin krevního cukru až do diabetických hodnot. Článek se zabývá vysvětlením jednotlivých mechanismů a postupných kroků tohoto patologického procesu.Onemocnění bylo dlouho považováno za chronické, progredující a nevyléčitelné. Metody bariatrické chirurgie však jednoznačně prokázaly možnost remise DM 2. typu. V posledních letech přibývají studie, které dokládají možnosti dosažení remise také pomocí některých staronových dietních metod, jako je nízkoenergetická nebo ketogenní dieta. Společným jmenovatelem úspěšných metod léčby DM 2. typu je řešení přetížení metabolismu nutrienty při chronické nadvýživě. V článku jsou vysvětleny mechanismy, které jsou důležité pro dosažení remise onemocnění, a shrnuty také základní principy současné farmakologické terapie.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting both lean and obese individuals of all ages, including obese children. Its most common form begins to develop after exceeding the individual capacity of adipose tissue (fat threshold), leading to ectopic fat deposition in muscles and liver and development of insulin resistance. In pre-disposed individuals, beta cells dysfunction also develops, resulting in a gradual increase of blood sugar to diabetic levels. This article deals with an explanation of individual mechanisms and gradual steps of this pathological process.The disease has long been considered chronic, progressive and incurable. However, bariatric surgery has clearly demonstrated the possibility of Type 2 DM remission. In recent years, more studies have shown that remission can also be achieved through some of the re-established dietary methods such as a low energy or a ketogenic diet. The common feature of successful treatments for Type 2 DM is the management of metabolic overload caused by chronic overnutrition. The article explains the mechanisms that are important for achieving remission and summarizes the basic principles of current pharmacological therapy.
- MeSH
- beta-buňky patologie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu * farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- energetický příjem fyziologie MeSH
- glukoneogeneze fyziologie MeSH
- hepatocyty fyziologie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- inkretiny fyziologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- inzulin metabolismus MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipogeneze fyziologie MeSH
- lipolýza fyziologie MeSH
- mastné kyseliny fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- nealkoholová steatóza jater etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- poruchy metabolismu glukózy patofyziologie MeSH
- triglyceridy fyziologie MeSH
- tuková tkáň fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- žaludeční inhibiční polypeptid fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
