In our experiment, the effects of 5, 10 and 20 mg cadmium per kg dry matter (DM) on protozoan population and rumen fermentation of feed ration consisting of 11.7 g DM of hay and 2.8 g DM of barley (80: 20%) were followed in artificial rumen (Rusitec). The results of the experiment showed that the addition of 5 and 10 mg cadmium per kg DM less significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the digestibility of DM, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre and significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the digestibility of cellulose of feed ration. It is interesting that the addition of 20 mg cadmium per kg DM did not influence these parameters. Although the total gas production showed a tendency of decrease due to the influence of the addition of 5, 10 and 20 mg cadmium/kg DM, methane and CO2 production was not altered. However, cadmium significantly influenced the production of individual volatile fatty acids-VFA's (mmol/day). The addition of 5, 10 and 20 mg cadmium per kg DM significantly increased acetic acid production (by 10-20%) and decreased propionic acid production (by 18-30%). Therefore, the acetate: propionate ratio was significantly increased (from 1.57 to 2.45-2.60) by the addition of cadmium. The production of n-valeric and iso-valeric acids was also significantly decreased in comparison with the control. The decrease of individual VFA's was more significant at the higher amount of cadmium added into the fermentation system. The proportions of individual VFA's in total VFA production expressed in molar % showed a similar character. The changes in the production of individual VFA's due to the influence of the addition of 5, 10 and 20 mg cadmium per kg DM caused a decrease in energetic efficiency of VFA's (P < 0.001) in comparison with the control. The other parameters of rumen fermentation - utilization of glucose, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, fermented hexose, fermented amino acids and fermented organic matter (OMF) were not influenced by the cadmium addition. Although the total microbial matter production in effluent and undigested feed (residues) was significantly (P < 0.001) decreased by the addition of 5, 10 and 20 mg cadmium per kg DM, the efficiency of microbial synthesis expressed as YATP and g microbial N/kg OMF was not changed and achieved the values 11.78-12.68 (YATP), 25.56-28.35 (g microbial N/kg OMF), respectively. The total protozoan population was significantly decreased by the cadmium addition mainly as a result of the decrease of infusoria of Entodinium spp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
- MeSH
- bachor parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- Eukaryota účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- kadmium farmakologie MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
- ovce parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kadmium MeSH
In the conditions of gravitationless state, the development of skeletal muscles and myocardium was identical in experimental, synchronous and laboratory control. There were not larger differences between the investigated groups of animals. Myofibrils were in the stage of myofibrillogenesis. They were mostly disarrayed, but they already formed sarcomeres, without marked boundaries between I and A zones. Sarcoplasm contained large amounts of ribosomes and polyribosomes. Mitochondria were intensively splitting, and they contained small numbers of mitochondrial particles. Osmiophilic bodies and granules were detected frequently. Sarcoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were well developed. Our findings are in agreement with the results published in papers dealing with the embryonal development of striated muscles.
- MeSH
- Coturnix MeSH
- myokard ultrastruktura MeSH
- srdce embryologie MeSH
- stav beztíže * MeSH
- svaly embryologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
Ruminal, coagulase-negative, urease and bacteriocin-like substances producing staphylococci were screened for their heavy metal ions and antibiotics resistance. All strains tested were resistant to disodium arsenate at a minimal inhibition concentration (MIC > 5 g/l) and cadmium sulphate (MIC > 4 g/l). MIC = 50-60 mg/l was determined in eight staphylococci screened in mercury chloride resistance test (Tab. I). Silver nitrate resistance was detected in seven of the bacteria used (MIC = 40-50 mg/l). All strains were novobiocin resistant. Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticum SCU 40 was found as a strain with resistance to all heavy metal ions and 5 antibiotics (Tab. II). In addition, this strain produced bacteriocin-like substance which inhibited growth of six indicators of different origin (Tab. II). The most of staphylococci were detected as heavy metal ion polyresistant strains and antibiotic polyresistant strains producing antimicrobial substances with inhibition effects against at least one indicator of different origin. These results represent the first information on heavy metal ion resistance in ruminal bacteria. They also show relation or coresistance between heavy metal ions and antibiotics. Resulting from this study, staphylococci can be used as a bioindicator model for animal environmental studies. In addition, it can be used for specific interactions studies within the framework of ruminal bacterial ecosystem and also mainly with regard to molecular genetic studies.
- MeSH
- antibiotická rezistence MeSH
- arsen farmakologie MeSH
- bachor mikrobiologie MeSH
- kadmium farmakologie MeSH
- kovy farmakologie MeSH
- ovce mikrobiologie MeSH
- rtuť farmakologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus účinky léků MeSH
- stříbro farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- arsen MeSH
- kadmium MeSH
- kovy MeSH
- rtuť MeSH
- stříbro MeSH
Manganese in serum, hair and excrements of 2,720 dairy cows was determined under the practical conditions of animal husbandry. Mn content in the above-mentioned materials indicated the state of sufficient supply in 1,480 dairy cows and Mn deficiency in 1,240 dairy cows. The results of Mn content in the followed materials obtained from dairy cows in a different state of organism supplying are presented in Tabs. I-III. Sufficiently supplied dairy cows (Tab. I, Ist group) displayed a significantly higher (P < 0.01) content of Mn in serum equal to 0.042 mg/l with 95% interval of reliability, of the mean value (95% IR) 0.039-0.046 mg/l compared with the pooled group of deficient dairy cows (K) with the content of Mn in serum 0.037 mg/l and 95% IR in the range of 0.034-0.040 mg/l of serum. Mn content in hair (Tab. II) of sufficiently supplied dairy cows (Ist group) exceeds the limit value 7.0 mg/kg DM as for both the mean value and the 95% IR. The content of this element in dairy cows in the state of primary and secondary deficiency (groups II and IV) lies below the limit value within the range. The IIIrd group of dairy cows, which was in the state of depletion, contained Mn above the limit value. The dynamic process of deficiency development is in progress in this group of dairy cows, indicated by a reduced content in serum and excrements and for time being a still sufficient content in hair which is expected to decline with time and further growth and eventually lead to primary deficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- MeSH
- feces chemie MeSH
- mangan analýza MeSH
- mlékárenství MeSH
- skot metabolismus MeSH
- vlasy, chlupy chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot metabolismus MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mangan MeSH
The experiment was carried out with three groups, each consisting of six adult sheep of the Merino breed weighing 40-45 kg, fed with the diet composed of 1 kg of meadow hay and an addition of 0.2 kg of barley meal for 3 weeks before the experiment. The first group - the control - was provided the natural supply 0.09 mg Cd/kg DM of the diet, the supply of Ist experimental group was increased by 5 mg Cd/kg DM and of the IInd experimental group by 10 mg Cd/kg of diet DM in the form of sulphate. The influence of mentioned cadmium doses on levels of volatile fatty acids, their energetic yield and proportion of their energy and energy of methane and bacterial mass from the energy of fermented feed hexose, as well as the total number of infusoria and number of infusoria of Entodinium sp. in the ruminal fluid of sheep with an increased supply of cadmium were examined during seven weeks. In addition to that cadmium contents in the liver, kidneys, muscles, excrements and ruminal fluid was investigated. Obtained results indicate that yet a lower supply of cadmium amounting to 5 mg and 10 mg/kg DM of the sheep diet, had significant negative influence (Tab. I) on the production of isobutiric acid in rumen fluids and decreased significantly (Tab. III) the total counts of infusoria and number of Entodinium sp. infusoria in the rumen fluids of sheep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- MeSH
- bachor metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- fermentace účinky léků MeSH
- kadmium farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- ovce metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kadmium MeSH
Six defined strains of adherent, coagulase-negative and catalase-positive staphylococci were isolated from the rumen wall of lambs. All the strains fermented maltose and had positive acetoin production. The strains were classified as follows on the basis of diagnostic tests, according to an identification key: three strains belonged to the species Staphylococcus warneri (SW34, SW64, SW6), two to the species S. epidermidis (SE30, SE49) and one to the species S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum (SCU32)--Tab. I. The adherence index of the different isolates ranged from 1.9 +/- 0.02 to 14.9 +/- 2.12 of bacteria adhering to one epithelial cell of the rumen wall. There were large differences in urease production (2.3 +/- 0.15 to 29.3 +/- 1.16 nkat/ml). But in general the isolated staphylococci can be taken as strains with low, medium or high adherence, and/or urease activity (Tab. II). In the group of facultative anaerobic bacteria the staphylococci are the first, lactic acid producing bacteria and the attained production (0.164 to 0.687 mol/l) is adequate to their portion in the rumen (Tab. II). The isolated strains produced bacteriocin-like substances which inhibited the growth of maximally four out of the six used indicator bacteria of the same species, and also of a related species (Tab. III) while they showed small but clear zones of inhibition of the size 2 to 5 mm. In general, the mentioned staphylococci can be considered as little active producers of bacteriocin-like substances. All the tested strains were resistant to the observed heavy metals.
- MeSH
- bachor mikrobiologie MeSH
- bakteriální adheze * MeSH
- ovce mikrobiologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
The body weight gain and growth of tail and tibia were investigated in ovariectomized female rats to ascertain whether the increased skeletal growth after ovariectomy takes place at the same time as the increased body weight gain. Female rats were ovariectomized on the 30th day of age; half of them was killed on the 60th day of age and the other half was killed on the 130th day of age. The body weight and tail length were significantly higher in the ovariectomized females than in intact females from the 60th day of age (Figs. 1, 2). The ovariectomized animals had higher body weight gain and tail length increment, in comparison with intact animals, mainly between the 40th and 60th day of age (Tabs. I, II). After the 90th day of age the body weight gain and tail length increment were no longer significantly higher in ovariectomized animals than in intact animals, although the ovariectomized females maintained the significantly higher body weight and tail length till the end of the experiment (130th day of age). The length of tibia was larger in ovariectomized animals if compared with controls, on the 60th as well as on the 130th day of age. However, the rate of longitudinal growth of tibia, measured (by tetracycline method) between the 57th and 59th day and between the 127th and 129th day of age, was significantly higher in ovariectomized animals only in the first period of measurement (Tab. III).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- ovarektomie * MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost * MeSH
- vývoj kostí * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
The bacterial strains E. faecium and S. warneri were tested for their antagonistic activities, and/or for the antimicrobial spectrum of bacteriocin-like substances produced by these bacteria. Isolates of rumen and non-rumen origin were used as indicator strains (Tab. I). All the isolates (except the strains SW48 and EF24c as indicators of rumen origin) produced bacteriocin-like substances inhibiting the growth of at least one of the series of the nine indicators used while clear inhibition zones 2-10 mm prevailed (Tabs. II, III). Among the enterococci, the inhibition of non-rumen indicators was more intensive in comparison with the indicators of rumen origin, but the inhibition zones were only 2-5 mm. In general, the staphylococci showed the antagonistic activity with the lower antimicrobial spectrum in comparison with the enterococci. None of the tested strains inhibited the growth of the indicator E. faecium A26. The summary results show that the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was inhibited. The prolonged cultivation time did not influence the antagonistic activity of the tested strains. In the strains EF35, SW34 and SW98, the antagonistic activity was maintained after trypsin treatment. But in the other strains, this treatment led to the loss of the antagonistic activity. The use of pronase P resulted in the loss of the activity in the strains SW24, EF35 and EF26/142. The use of pronase P did not lead to the loss of the activity in the other tested isolates (Tab. IV).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- MeSH
- bachor mikrobiologie MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků MeSH
- bakteriociny biosyntéza farmakologie MeSH
- Enterococcus faecium metabolismus MeSH
- skot mikrobiologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bakteriociny MeSH
Some staphylococcus and enterococcus strains were used to investigate the effect of culture medium on bacteriocin production. Staphylococcus cohnii SC7, Staphylococcus sp. ZTJ 151, S. saprophyticus SS 877, Enterococcus faecium EF1 and E. faecalis EFG2 were isolated from the rumen wall and contents of lambs, calves and fallow deer, Enterococcus gallinarum EG10 and E. avium EA12 were isolated from the caecum of Japanese quail. The tested bacteria belong to producers with a wide antimicrobial effectiveness spectrum, they have low to medium adherence and urease activity (Tab. III). These culture media were used to test the effect of culture medium on bacteriocin production: nutrient agar no. 2 and VL agar enriched with 2% of glucose and lactose (ZAG, ZAL, VLG, VLL), agar for isolation of faecal streptococci (SA) and the base for blood agar no. 4 and no. 2 (KA4, KA2). The strains Streptococcus bovis AO 24/85 and Staphylococcus aureus Oxford 209 P were used as indicator bacteria. Tables I and II show the results of these tests. The tested strains produced the widest inhibition zones (6 mm) with both indicators on SA medium, and this indicates massive bacteriocin production. On ZAG medium, the zones of enterococci with the AO 24/85 strain were larger size than those of staphylococci, but the zones were dim. All strains with the 209P indicator produced dim zones of the 2mm size. The larger inhibition zones (2-5mm) in comparison with staphylococci were observed in enterococci on the ZAL medium with the AO24/85 strain. The production of tested strains was balanced on VLG agar with respect to the use of both indicators.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- MeSH
- bakteriociny biosyntéza MeSH
- Enterococcus metabolismus MeSH
- kultivační média * MeSH
- Staphylococcus metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bakteriociny MeSH
- kultivační média * MeSH
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of defaunation on the fermentation of two different diets consisting of hay (100%) and hay+barley (80% + +20%) in a rumen pouch (RUSITEC). The survival and composition of protozoa were investigated in an in vitro system in control vessels where no defaunation was carried out. Defaunation decreased the production of total volatile fatty acids (P < < 0.01), acetate, butyrate (P < 0.001)--Tab. II; dry matter digestibility (P < 0.05) and detergent fibre digestibility: acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), cellulose (P < 0.001), hemicellulose (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively) in our experiment (Tab. I). These parameters also decreased: production of CH4 (P < 0.001), CO2 (P < 0.01 for the barley diet), total production of gases (P < 0.001 for the barley diet), total utilization (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively) and recovery of H2 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively), NH3-N in effluent (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively)--Tab. III; and production of ATP (P < 0.01)--Tab. IV, as a result of fermentation in our experiment. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the following parameters: production of propionate (P < 0.001 for the barley diet)--Tab. II; microbial nitrogen/kg of organic matter fermented--OMF (P < 0.001), Tab. III; energy yield--E of volatile fatty acids (VFA), proportion of VFA energy with respect to fermented hexose energy--E1, proportion of energy in bacterial cells with respect to fermented hexose energy--E3 (P < 0.001) and the effectiveness of microbial proteosynthesis--YATP (P < 0.001), Tab. IV, as a result of defaunation. The total number of protozoa and the number of some species, especially the number of big entodinio-morphid protozoa, were markedly higher (p < 0.001) for the barley diet--Tab. V. The number of protozoa decreased rapidly within three days after the system initiation. Later on, the values were more or less steady.
- MeSH
- bachor mikrobiologie fyziologie MeSH
- fermentace * MeSH
- modely strukturální MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
