Gemmotherapy represents the most recent therapeutic technique that uses the properties of extracts from fresh meristematic plant tissues, mainly buds and sprouts, by macerating them in ethanol and glycerol. The harvesting time and the location can significantly affect the chemical composition of the buds. Therefore, this work aimed to point out the possible variability in the phenolic content and the antioxidant potential of extracts prepared from commonly grown trees in the Czech Republic. Extracts from buds collected during autumn and spring in three different localities were analysed using UHPLC-MS (ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography) for the phenols profile. Five tests assays were used for the evaluation of the extract antioxidant potential. The sampling time positively affected the content of total phenols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. The increased levels of total phenols and flavonoids in localities with high and medium pollution may be the result of the higher levels of NO and SO2, the main air pollutants. However, surprisingly, the content of phenolic acid showed the highest values in the area with the lowest pollution. The results of antioxidant tests did not completely correlate with the levels of phenolic metabolites, which may be due to the involvement of other active molecules (e.g., ascorbate, tocopherol, or proline) in the antioxidant machinery.
- Klíčová slova
- UHPLC-MS (ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography), antioxidants, gemmotherapy, phenolic acid,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Phytochemical investigations of Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) stated the presence of several compounds with an established therapeutic and antioxidant potential. The chamomile non-enzymatic antioxidant system includes low molecular mass compounds, mainly polyphenols such as cinnamic, hydroxybenzoic and chlorogenic acids, flavonoids and coumarins. The objective of this work was to evaluate the role of the non-enzymatic antioxidant system after stimulation by ethylene in tetraploid chamomile plants. Seven days of ethylene treatment significantly increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, which influenced the biosynthesis of protective polyphenols in the first step of their biosynthetic pathway. Subsequently, considerable enhanced levels of phenolic metabolites with a substantial antioxidant effect (syringic, vanillic and caffeic acid, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, quercetin, luteolin, daphnin, and herniarin) were determined by HPLC-DAD-MS. The minimal information on the chlorogenic acids function in chamomile led to the isolation and identification of 5-O-feruloylquinic acid. It is accumulated during normal conditions, but after the excessive effect of abiotic stress, its level significantly decreases and levels of other caffeoylquinic acids enhance. Our results suggest that ethephon may act as a stimulant of the production of pharmaceutically important non-enzymatic antioxidants in chamomile leaves and thus, lead to an overall change in phytochemical content and therapeutic effects of chamomile plants, as well.
- Klíčová slova
- antioxidants, chamomile, chlorogenic acids, ethylene,
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- biosyntetické dráhy fyziologie MeSH
- ethyleny metabolismus MeSH
- fenoly metabolismus MeSH
- fenylalaninamoniaklyasa metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologický stres fyziologie MeSH
- heřmánek, heřmánkovec, rmen, rmenec metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina chinová analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina chlorogenová metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny kávové metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- Matricaria metabolismus MeSH
- polyfenoly metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antioxidancia MeSH
- caffeic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- caffeoylquinic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- ethyleny MeSH
- fenoly MeSH
- fenylalaninamoniaklyasa MeSH
- kyselina chinová MeSH
- kyselina chlorogenová MeSH
- kyseliny kávové MeSH
- polyfenoly MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
Crops, such as white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (L.) f. alba), are often infested by herbivorous insects that consume the leaves directly or lay eggs with subsequent injury by caterpillars. The plants can produce various defensive metabolites or free radicals that repel the insects to avert further damage. To study the production and effects of these compounds, large white cabbage butterflies, Pieris brassicae and flea beetles, Phyllotreta nemorum, were captured in a cabbage field and applied to plants cultivated in the lab. After insect infestation, leaves were collected and UV/Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC used to determine the content of stress molecules (superoxide), primary metabolites (amino acids), and secondary metabolites (phenolic acids and flavonoids). The highest level of superoxide was measured in plants exposed to fifty flea beetles. These plants also manifested a higher content of phenylalanine, a substrate for the synthesis of phenolic compounds, and in activation of total phenolics and flavonoid production. The levels of specific phenolic acids and flavonoids had higher variability when the dominant increase was in the flavonoid, quercetin. The leaves after flea beetle attack also showed an increase in ascorbic acid which is an important nutrient of cabbage.
- Klíčová slova
- Brassica oleracea, Phyllotreta sp., phenolics, Pieris brassicae, ascorbic acid,
- MeSH
- Brassica chemie parazitologie MeSH
- infestace ektoparazity * MeSH
- kyselina askorbová chemie MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie MeSH
- metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- polyfenoly chemie MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kyselina askorbová MeSH
- polyfenoly MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation, antioxidant activity (AOA), chlorophyll fluorescence (F) and organic acid distribution in Chlorophytum comosum and Callisia fragrans plants exposed to artificially added Cd (40, 160 and 320 mg kg-1) were examined in pot experiment. At the highest Cd concentration, C. comosum accumulated in roots and the aboveground parts up to 1331 and 1054 mg Cd kg-1 DW, and C. fragrans up to 1427 and 1263 mg Cd kg-1 DW, respectively, which are quite near at the level of hyperaccumulator. Cd accumulation in both plant species increased significantly with the increment of soil Cd dosage, and the distribution was roots > shoots > stolons. Values of BC showed rising trend indicating an accumulation potential of both species. The root AOA was positively correlated to Cd addition, especially in C. comosum. Higher values of free SA were found in roots with a significant enhancement at concentrations of 40 and 160 mg kg-1 Cd. It was observed that citric acid significantly reacted in both species, while fumaric acid only in C. comosum in response to Cd which may contribute to Cd chelation. Our data indicate that both species are suitable for phytoextraction of Cd from contaminated soils which increases their value as ornamentals.
- Klíčová slova
- Antioxidant capacity, Cadmium, Callisia fragrans, Chlorophytum comosum, Hyperaccumulator, Organic acids,
- MeSH
- Asparagaceae metabolismus MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- Commelinaceae metabolismus MeSH
- kadmium metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus MeSH
- výhonky rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kadmium MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
Beside the key inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), involvement of oxidative stress in organophosphate (OP)-induced toxicity has been supported by experimental and human studies. On the other hand, according to our best knowledge, possible antioxidant properties of oximes, the only causal antidotes to OP-inhibited AChE, have been examined only by a few studies. Thus, we have determined the effect of four conventional (obidoxime, trimedoxime, pralidoxime, asoxime) and two promising experimental oximes (K027, K203) on dichlorvos (DDVP)-induced oxidative changes in vivo. Wistar rats (5/group) were treated with oxime (5% LD50 i.m) immediately after DDVP challenge (75% LD50 s.c). Oxidative stress biomarkers were determined in plasma and brain 60 min after the treatment: prooxidative-superoxide anion (O2·-) and total oxidative status (TOS); antioxidative-superoxide dismutase (SOD), total thiol (SH) groups, total antioxidant status (TAS) and paraoxonase (PON1); tissue oxidative stress burden-prooxidative-antioxidative balance (PAB) and oxidative stress index (OSI); oxidative tissue damage-malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). All oximes were able to attenuate DDVP-induced oxidative stress in rat plasma and brain. Changes of determined parameters in brain were not as prominent as it was seen in plasma. Based on OSI, better abilities of oxime K027, K203 and obidoxime to maintain DDVP-induced oxidative stress in rat brain were shown as compared to trimedoxime, pralidoxime and asoxime. Oximes can influence the complex in vivo redox processes that might contribute to their overall therapeutic efficacy. Further research is needed to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this phenomenon.
- Klíčová slova
- Antioxidats, Dichlorvos, Efficacy, Oxime K027, Oxime K203, Pro-oxidants,
- MeSH
- aryldialkylfosfatasa krev MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory farmakologie MeSH
- dichlorvos toxicita MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- malondialdehyd krev MeSH
- mozek účinky léků MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid farmakologie MeSH
- otrava organofosfáty farmakoterapie MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- oximy farmakologie MeSH
- pralidoximové sloučeniny MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny farmakologie MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa krev MeSH
- trimedoxim farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aryldialkylfosfatasa MeSH
- asoxime chloride MeSH Prohlížeč
- biologické markery MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory MeSH
- dichlorvos MeSH
- malondialdehyd MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid MeSH
- oximy MeSH
- Pon1 protein, rat MeSH Prohlížeč
- pralidoxime MeSH Prohlížeč
- pralidoximové sloučeniny MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa MeSH
- trimedoxim MeSH
