The present interlaboratory comparison study involved nine laboratories located throughout the world that tested for 24 regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins by applying their in-house LC-MS/MS multi-toxin method to 10 individual lots of 4 matrix commodities, including complex chicken and swine feed, soy and corn gluten. In total, more than 6000 data points were collected and analyzed statistically by calculating a consensus value in combination with a target standard deviation following a modified Horwitz equation. The performance of each participant was evaluated by a z-score assessment with a satisfying range of ±2, leading to an overall success rate of 70% for all tested compounds. Equal performance for both regulated and emerging mycotoxins indicates that participating routine laboratories have successfully expanded their analytical portfolio in view of potentially new regulations. In addition, the study design proved to be fit for the purpose of providing future certified reference materials, which surpass current analyte matrix combinations and exceed the typical scope of the regulatory framework.
- Klíčová slova
- certified reference material, complex feed, internal standard, method harmonization, z-score,
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová metody MeSH
- gluteny MeSH
- kukuřice setá chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny * analýza MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- gluteny MeSH
- mykotoxiny * MeSH
The trend of the number of publications on a research field is often used to quantify research interest and effort, but this measure is biased by general publication record inflation. This study introduces a novel metric as an unbiased and quantitative tool for trend analysis and bibliometrics. The metric was used to reanalyze reported publication trends and perform in-depth trend analyses on patent groups and a broad range of field in the life-sciences. The analyses confirmed that inflation bias frequently results in the incorrect identification of field-specific increased growth. It was shown that the metric enables a more detailed, quantitative and robust trend analysis of peer reviewed publications and patents. Some examples of the metric's uses are quantifying inflation-corrected growth in research regarding microplastics (51% ± 10%) between 2012 and 2018 and detecting inflation-corrected growth increase for transcriptomics and metabolomics compared to genomics and proteomics (Tukey post hoc p<0.0001). The developed trend-analysis tool removes inflation bias from bibliometric trend analyses. The metric improves evidence-driven decision-making regarding research effort investment and funding allocation.
- MeSH
- bibliometrie * MeSH
- plastické hmoty * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- plastické hmoty * MeSH
BACKGROUND: Fungi have evolved for 1 billion years and due to their adaptability and resilience can be found in multiple habitats around the globe. Among numerous species of fungi, some are pathogenic, and humans have battled since the dawn of organized agriculture to reduce production losses. With the arrival of fungicides many gains have been made in this struggle. However, though fungicides have greatly contributed to substantial increase in agricultural productivity, their over usage has led to both health and environmental repercussions. They remain cornerstone of the agriculture industry, however, development of safer formulations to champion sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture is of great importance, especially in face of a growing global population, climate change and increasing fungal resistance to existing compounds. SCOPE AND APPROACH: The aim of this review is to present the state of the art in fungicides formulations developed for agrochemistry, also describing recent improvements in their safety, with special focus on fungicides used most against the ten most important fungal pathogens. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: The major focus in the field remains to be the improvement of the overall performance of the fungicide formulations. The research trends are also moving towards developing more eco-friendly formulations. However, there are still very few studies assessing nanoformulations toxicity and environmental impact. For example, there is still a limited body of research on the holistic assessment of nanoformulation shells' fate in soil and in the environment after release, as well as redistribution within plants after absorption, with no studies on human or environmental exposure.
- Klíčová slova
- Delivery system, Environment, Fungicide, Microencapsulation, Sustainable agriculture, Toxicity,
- MeSH
- fungicidy průmyslové * toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- půda MeSH
- zemědělství MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- fungicidy průmyslové * MeSH
- půda MeSH
Prior to 1985 the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated global food crop contamination with mycotoxins to be 25%. The origin of this statement is largely unknown. To assess the rationale for it, the relevant literature was reviewed and data of around 500,000 analyses from the European Food Safety Authority and large global survey for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in cereals and nuts were examined. Using different thresholds, i.e. limit of detection, the lower and upper regulatory limits of European Union (EU) legislation and Codex Alimentarius standards, the mycotoxin occurrence was estimated. Impact of different aspects on uncertainty of the occurrence estimates presented in literature and related to our results are critically discussed. Current mycotoxin occurrence above the EU and Codex limits appears to confirm the FAO 25% estimate, while this figure greatly underestimates the occurrence above the detectable levels (up to 60-80%). The high occurrence is likely explained by a combination of the improved sensitivity of analytical methods and impact of climate change. It is of immense importance that the detectable levels are not overlooked as through diets, humans are exposed to mycotoxin mixtures which can induce combined adverse health effects.
- Klíčová slova
- Chemical contaminant, analysis, cereals, data, occurrence, uncertainty,
- MeSH
- aflatoxiny analýza MeSH
- Evropská unie MeSH
- fumonisiny analýza MeSH
- klimatické změny MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny analýza MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- zearalenon analýza MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aflatoxiny MeSH
- fumonisiny MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- zearalenon MeSH
An informed opinion to a hugely important question, whether the food on the Europeans' plate is safe to eat, is provided. Today, the Europeans face food-borne health risks from non-communicable diseases induced by excess body weight, outbreaks caused by pathogens, antimicrobial resistance and exposures to chemical contaminants. In this review, these risks are first put in an order of importance. Then, not only potentially injurious dietary chemicals are discussed but also beneficial factors of the food. This review can be regarded as an attempt towards a dietary-exposome evaluation of the chemicals, the average European adult consumers could chronically expose to during their life-times. Risk ranking reveals that currently the European adults are chronically exposed to a mixture of potentially genotoxic-carcinogenic contaminants, particularly food process contaminants, at the potential risk levels. Furthermore, several of the contaminants whose dietary exposures pose risks appear to be carcinogens operating with a genotoxic mode of action targeting the liver. This suggests that combined health risks from the exposure to a mixture of the chemical contaminants poses a greater potential risk than the risks assessed for single compounds. Over 100 European-level risk assessments are examined. Finally, the importance of a diversified and balanced diet is emphasized.
- Klíčová slova
- Europeans, Exposure, contaminants, residues, risk assessment,
- MeSH
- dietární expozice analýza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- expozom * MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- karcinogeny MeSH
- kontaminace potravin * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potraviny * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Názvy látek
- karcinogeny MeSH
The need for safe and quality food, free from the presence of hazardous contaminants such as mycotoxins is an on-going and complex challenge. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) has the potential to contribute to achieving this goal. Decontamination efficacy of CAPP against six of the most common mycotoxins found in foods and feedstuffs was assessed herein. Concentration reduction of up to 66% was achieved in maize for both aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. Degradation products were detected only in the case of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone and were tested on human hepatocarcinoma cells with no increase in cytotoxicity observed. Analysis of treated maize revealed substantial changes to small molecular mass components of the matrix. While CAPP shows promise in terms of mycotoxin detoxification important questions concerning potential changes to the nutritional and safety status of the food matrix require further investigations.
- Klíčová slova
- Aflatoxin B1, Cold plasma, Detoxification, Fumonisin B(1), Maize, Mycotoxins, Zearalenone,
- MeSH
- aflatoxin B1 analýza chemie toxicita MeSH
- buňky Hep G2 MeSH
- dekontaminace metody MeSH
- fumonisiny analýza chemie toxicita MeSH
- hepatocyty účinky léků MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- kukuřice setá chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny analýza chemie toxicita MeSH
- plazmové plyny chemie MeSH
- zearalenon analýza chemie toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aflatoxin B1 MeSH
- fumonisin B1 MeSH Prohlížeč
- fumonisiny MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- plazmové plyny MeSH
- zearalenon MeSH
Hydrophilic divinylbenzene (DVB) (Bakerbond) has surfaced as a promising sorbent for active sampling of analytes from aqueous matrices over a very broad polarity range. Given this, hydrophilic DVB may likewise offer potential for passive sampling, if sorbent/water partitioning coefficients (Ksw) were to be available. In this work, static exposure batch experiments were performed to quantitatively study the equilibrium sorption of 131 environmentally relevant organic contaminants (P values ranging from -1.30 to 9.85) on hydrophilic DVB. The superior affinity of hydrophilic DVB, as compared to Oasis HLB, for compounds with a broad polarity range was confirmed by functional Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman characterization, demonstrating the presence of carboxyl moieties. Concentration effects were studied by increasing compound concentrations in mixture experiments and resulted in the steroidal endocrine disrupting compounds in higher Ksw, while lower Ksw were obtained for the (alkyl)phenols, personal care products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and phthalates. Nevertheless, Ksw remained constant in the said design for equilibrium water concentrations at environmentally relevant seawater levels. An independent analysis of thermodynamic parameters (change in enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy) revealed the nature of the main partitioning processes. While polar (log P < 4) compounds were mainly served by physisorption, nonpolar (log P > 4) compounds also exhibited binding by multiple hydrogen bonding. In conclusion, this research facilitates the future application of hydrophilic DVB for active as well as passive sampling in the analysis of organic contaminants for monitoring purposes and for toxicity testing.
Mandatory disclosure of the species identity, production method, and geographical origin are embedded in the regulations and traceability systems, governing international seafood trade. A high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach could simultaneously authenticate the species identity and geographical origin of commercially important shrimps. The highly innovative approach spared the need for multiple testing methods which are in routine use currently. A robust chemometric model, developed using the metabolite fingerprint dataset, could accurately predict the species identity of the shrimp samples. Subsequently, species-specific biomarkers were discovered and a tandem mass spectrometry method for authentication of the species was developed. Two other chemometric models from the metabolomics experiment accurately predicted the geographical origin of king prawns and tiger prawns. The study has shown for the first time that food-metabolomics along with chemometrics can simultaneously check for multiple seafood fraud issues in the global seafood supply-chain.
- Klíčová slova
- Biomarker identification, Chemometrics, Shrimp fraud, Species authentication, Untargeted metabolomics,
- MeSH
- analýza potravin metody MeSH
- biologické markery analýza chemie MeSH
- Decapoda (Crustacea) chemie klasifikace MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- metabolomika * MeSH
- potrava z moře (živočišná) analýza MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- zeměpis MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické markery MeSH
As human co-exposure to natural toxins through food and water is inevitable, risk assessments to safeguard health are necessary. Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1, frequent co-contaminants of maize and microcystin-LR, produced in freshwater by cyanobacteria are all naturally occurring potent toxins that threaten human health. Populations in the poorest regions of the world may suffer repeated simultaneous exposure to these contaminants. Using High Content Analysis, multiple cytotoxicity endpoints were measured for the individual toxins and mixtures in various cell lines. Results highlighted that significant cytotoxic effects were observed for aflatoxin B1 in all cell lines while no cytotoxic effects were observed for fumonisin B1 or microcystin-LR. Aflatoxin B1/microcystin-LR was cytotoxic in the order HepG2 > Caco-2 > MDBK. Fumonisin B1/microcystin-LR affected MDBK cells. The ternary mixture was cytotoxic to all cell lines. Most combinations were additive, however antagonism was observed for binary and ternary mixtures in HepG2 and MDBK cell lines at low and high concentrations. Synergy was observed in all cell lines, including at low concentrations. The combination of these natural toxins may pose a significant risk to populations in less developed countries. Furthermore, the study highlights the complexity around trying to regulate for human exposure to multiple contaminants.
- Klíčová slova
- Aflatoxin B(1), Combined exposure, Cytotoxicity, Fumonisin B(1), High content analysis, Microcystin-LR,
- MeSH
- aflatoxin B1 aplikace a dávkování chemie toxicita MeSH
- biologické markery moč MeSH
- biologické toxiny MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- fumonisiny aplikace a dávkování chemie toxicita MeSH
- kontaminace potravin MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrocystiny aplikace a dávkování chemie toxicita MeSH
- mořské toxiny MeSH
- skot MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aflatoxin B1 MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- biologické toxiny MeSH
- cyanoginosin LR MeSH Prohlížeč
- fumonisin B1 MeSH Prohlížeč
- fumonisiny MeSH
- mikrocystiny MeSH
- mořské toxiny MeSH
This study assessed, for the first time, the mycotoxicological risks from consumption of complementary foods by infants and young children in Nigeria. Molds belonging to Aspergillus aculeatinus, A. flavus, A. luchuensis, A. tubingensis, A. welwitschiae and Geotrichum candidum were recovered from the complementary foods. Twenty-eight major mycotoxins and derivatives, and another 109 microbial metabolites including chloramphenicol (a bacterial metabolite), were quantified in 137 food samples by LC-MS/MS. Aflatoxins and fumonisins co-contaminated 42% of the cereal- and nut-based food samples, at mean concentrations exceeding the EU limits of 0.1 and 200 μg/kg set for processed baby foods by 300 and six times, respectively. Milk contained mainly beauvericin, chloramphenicol and zearalenone. The trichothecenes, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, were quantified only in infant formula and at levels three times above the EU indicative level of 15 μg/kg for baby food. Chronic exposure estimate to carcinogenic aflatoxin was high causing low margin of exposure (MOE). Exposures to other mycotoxins either exceeded the established reference values by several fold or revealed low MOEs, pointing to important health risks in this highly vulnerable population. The observed mycotoxin mixtures may further increase risks of adverse health outcomes of exposure; this warrants urgent advocacy and regulatory interventions.
- Klíčová slova
- Child health, Complementary foods, Exposure and risk assessment, Infant nutrition, Mycotoxins, Public health,
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- dietární expozice * MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- mykotoxiny analýza normy toxicita MeSH
- nejistota MeSH
- potrava pro kojence analýza MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- zranitelné populace MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Nigérie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mykotoxiny MeSH
