The need for safe and quality food, free from the presence of hazardous contaminants such as mycotoxins is an on-going and complex challenge. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) has the potential to contribute to achieving this goal. Decontamination efficacy of CAPP against six of the most common mycotoxins found in foods and feedstuffs was assessed herein. Concentration reduction of up to 66% was achieved in maize for both aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. Degradation products were detected only in the case of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone and were tested on human hepatocarcinoma cells with no increase in cytotoxicity observed. Analysis of treated maize revealed substantial changes to small molecular mass components of the matrix. While CAPP shows promise in terms of mycotoxin detoxification important questions concerning potential changes to the nutritional and safety status of the food matrix require further investigations.
- Klíčová slova
- Aflatoxin B1, Cold plasma, Detoxification, Fumonisin B(1), Maize, Mycotoxins, Zearalenone,
- MeSH
- aflatoxin B1 analýza chemie toxicita MeSH
- buňky Hep G2 MeSH
- dekontaminace metody MeSH
- fumonisiny analýza chemie toxicita MeSH
- hepatocyty účinky léků MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- kukuřice setá chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny analýza chemie toxicita MeSH
- plazmové plyny chemie MeSH
- zearalenon analýza chemie toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aflatoxin B1 MeSH
- fumonisin B1 MeSH Prohlížeč
- fumonisiny MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- plazmové plyny MeSH
- zearalenon MeSH
Herbal-based dietary supplements have become increasingly popular. The extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is often used for the treatment of liver diseases. However, serious concerns exist regarding the efficacy, composition, as well as the safety of these over-the-counter preparations. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the composition as well as chemical and biological safety of 26 milk thistle-based dietary supplements purchased from both the U.S. and Czech markets between 2016 and 2017. The study was focused on a determination of the composition of active ingredients, as well as analyses of possible contaminants including: mycotoxins, plant alkaloids, and pesticide residues, as well as the microbial purity. High-throughput analyses were performed using advanced U-HPLC-HRMS techniques. Large differences in the silymarin content were observed among individual milk thistle preparations, often in contrast with the information provided by the manufacturers. In addition, substantial inter-batch differences in silymarin content were also demonstrated. In all milk thistle preparations tested, large numbers and high concentrations of mycotoxins and several pesticides, as well as the substantial presence of microbiological contamination were detected, pointing to serious safety issues. In conclusion, our results strongly indicate the need for strict controls of the composition, chemical contaminants, as well as the microbiological purity of commercial milk thistle extracts used for the treatment of liver diseases. Poor definition of these preparations together with contamination by biologically active substances may not only account for the inconsistency of clinical observations, but also be responsible for possible herbal-based dietary supplements-induced liver injury.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia chemie fyziologie MeSH
- biologické přípravky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- fytoterapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny chemie MeSH
- nemoci jater farmakoterapie MeSH
- ostropestřec mariánský chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- pesticidy chemie MeSH
- potravní doplňky mikrobiologie MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie farmakologie MeSH
- silymarin chemie farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antioxidancia MeSH
- biologické přípravky MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- pesticidy MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
- silymarin MeSH
Detailed knowledge regarding sensor based technologies for the detection of food contamination often remains concealed within scientific journals or divided between numerous commercial kits which prevents optimal connectivity between companies and end-users. To overcome this barrier The End user Sensor Tree (TEST) has been developed. TEST is a comprehensive, interactive platform including over 900 sensor based methods, retrieved from the scientific literature and commercial market, for aquatic-toxins, mycotoxins, pesticides and microorganism detection. Key analytical parameters are recorded in excel files while a novel classification system is used which provides, tailor-made, experts' feedback using an online decision tree and database introduced here. Additionally, a critical comparison of reviewed sensors is presented alongside a global perspective on research pioneers and commercially available products. The lack of commercial uptake of the academically popular electrochemical and nanomaterial based sensors, as well as multiplexing platforms became very apparent and reasons for this anomaly are discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- Database, Food contaminants, Pesticides, Repository, Sensors, Toxins,
- MeSH
- biosenzitivní techniky klasifikace metody MeSH
- databáze faktografické MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- nanostruktury chemie MeSH
- pesticidy chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- pesticidy MeSH
This work was designed as a proof of concept, to demonstrate the successful use of the comparison between theoretical and experimental collision cross section (CCS) values to support the identification of isomeric forms. To this purpose, thirteen mycotoxins were considered and analyzed using drift time ion mobility mass spectrometry. A good linear correlation (r2 = 0.962) between theoretical and experimental CCS was found. The average ΔCCS was 3.2%, fully consistent with the acceptability threshold value commonly set at 5%. The agreement between theoretical and experimental CCS obtained for mycotoxin glucuronides suggested the potential of the CCS matching in supporting the annotation procedure.
- Klíčová slova
- Alternariol (PubChem CID5359485), Alternariol monomethyl ether (PubChem CID5360741), Deoxynivalenol (PubChem CID40024), Deoxynivalenol 15-glucuronide (PubChem CID102202102), Deoxynivalenol 3-glucuronide (PubChem CID102202100), Drift-time ion mobility mass spectrometry, Metabolite structural characterization, Modified mycotoxins, Zearalenone (PubChem CID5281576), Zearalenone 14-glucuronide (PubChem CID71753018),
- MeSH
- glukuronidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- mykotoxiny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- glukuronidy MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
In the production of fermented feed, each crop can be contaminated with a variety of microorganisms that may produce natural pollutants. Biogenic amines, mycotoxins, and undesirable organic acids can decrease health feed safety. The aim of this study was to compare the counts of microorganisms, levels of biogenic amines, and the mycotoxins in forage legumes, and also to compare the occurrence of microorganisms and levels of mycotoxins in green fodder and subsequently produced silage and the influence of additives on the content of natural harmful substances in silage. The experimental plot was located in Troubsko and Vatín, in the Czech Republic. Two varieties of Medicago sativa and one variety of Trifolium pratense were compared. Green fodder and subsequently produced silage reaching up to 23% of dry matter were evaluated and prepared using a bio-enzymatic additive and a chemical additive. Green fodder of Medicago sativa was more contaminated by Enterococci than Trifolium pratense fodder. The obvious difference was determined by the quality of silage leachate. The silage prepared from Medicago sativa fodder was more contaminated with butyric acid. Fungi were present in higher counts in the anaerobic environment of green fodder and contaminated it with zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Lower counts of fungi were found in silage, although the zearalenone content did not change. Lower content of deoxynivalenol was detected in silage, compared with green fodder. Silages treated with a chemical additive were found not to contain butyric acid. Lower ethanol content was determined, and the tendency to reduce the risk of biogenic amines occurrence was evident. The additives proved to have no influence on the content of mycotoxins.
- Klíčová slova
- biological additives, butyric acid, cadaverine, chemical additives, deoxynivalenol, enterococci, fungi, green matter, putrescine, silage, spermine, tyramine, zearalenone,
- MeSH
- biogenní aminy chemie MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata mikrobiologie MeSH
- Medicago sativa chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- mykotoxiny chemie MeSH
- potravinářské přísady farmakologie MeSH
- siláž analýza mikrobiologie MeSH
- Trifolium chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biogenní aminy MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- potravinářské přísady MeSH
Contamination of feed with mycotoxins represents a serious worldwide problem concerning animal health and related economic losses. The present paper provides comprehensive knowledge about the fate of mycotoxins during the production of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The study was carried out using naturally infected maize material in five repetitions. For mycotoxin analysis, a QuEChERS-like ("Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe") isolation approach and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used. A significant increase of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its glycosylated form, DON-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc), was observed during the first part of fermentation, when hydrolytic enzymes were added. After yeast addition, the total DON content rapidly decreased. An opposite trend was observed for fumonisin B1 (FB1), in which yeast addition contributed to increase of its content. Further considerable change in mycotoxin content occurred during the drying step, in which approximately two-thirds of the original content was lost.
- Klíčová slova
- bioethanol technology, distiller’s dried grains with solubles, feed, mycotoxins, tandem mass spectrometry, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography,
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza MeSH
- kukuřice setá chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- kvasinky metabolismus MeSH
- mykotoxiny chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mykotoxiny MeSH
Humans can be exposed to mycotoxins through the food chain. Mycotoxins are mainly found as contaminants in food and could be subsequently excreted via biological fluids such as urine or human breast milk in native or metabolised form. Since breast milk is usually supposed as the only food for new-borns, the occurrence of mycotoxins in thirty-five human milk samples was evaluated by a newly developed method based on QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-HRMS detection. The method described here allows the detection of target mycotoxins in order to determine the quality of this initial feeding. The method has been fully validated, with recoveries ranging from 64% to 93% and relative standard deviations (RSD, %) being lower than 20%. Using the method described, non-metabolised mycotoxins such as ZEA, NEO, NIV, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1 and metabolites, such as ZEA metabolites, HT-2, DOM and T-2 triol were detected in human milk samples. Results obtained help to estimate the exposure of mothers and infants to mycotoxins. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work describing the simultaneous detection, quantification and screening of mycotoxins and their metabolites in human mature milk.
- Klíčová slova
- Biomarkers, Human milk, Liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry, Mycotoxins, Orbitrap, Sample preparation,
- MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko chemie MeSH
- mykotoxiny analýza chemie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mykotoxiny MeSH
Resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) are polyketide natural products with a large macrocyclic ring fused to a resorcylic acid residue. Some RALs contain an α,β-unsaturated ketone in the macrocycle. So far 46 kinases have been identified that could be potentially targeted by this family of compounds. RALs are of interest for their modulation of growth, and tentatively for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. RALs containing a cis-enone are susceptible to Michael addition reactions with the cysteine residue in the kinase nucleotide binding site, and thus serve as potent inhibitors of several protein kinases - they therefore represent a unique pharmacophore. Notably, this moiety has been shown to be effective also in vivo. This mini-review focuses on the structure and biological effects of the most important RALs, namely zearalenone, hypothemycin, pochonins, lasiodiplodins, aigialomycins, cochlicomycins, zaenols, and paecilomycins. Finally, the review also deals with radicicol, which is a nanomolar inhibitor of the chaperone Hsp90, whose suppression leads to a combinatorial block of cancer-causing pathways.
- MeSH
- biologické přípravky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas chemie farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny chemie farmakologie MeSH
- polyketidy chemie farmakologie MeSH
- proteinkinasy metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické přípravky MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- polyketidy MeSH
- proteinkinasy MeSH
The co-occurrence of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside with its parent toxin, deoxynivalenol, has been recently documented in many cereal-based foods, especially in those produced by enzyme-catalyzed processes. The presence of this masked mycotoxin in the human diet has become an issue of health concern, mainly because of its assumed bioavailability. A selective immunoaffinity-based preconcentration strategy, followed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry, revealed that, in addition to the most common deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, also oligoglycosylated deoxynivalenols with up to four bound hexose units were present in cereal-based products. The structure, origination, and fate of these deoxynivalenol conjugates during malt/beer production and bread baking have been thoroughly investigated. Special attention has been paid to the changes of deoxynivalenol conjugates enabled by industrial glycosidase-based enzymatic preparations. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first study documenting the complexity of masked deoxynivalenol issue.
- MeSH
- chléb analýza MeSH
- Fusarium metabolismus MeSH
- glukosidy chemie MeSH
- jedlá semena chemie MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- mykotoxiny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- pivo analýza MeSH
- trichotheceny chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside MeSH Prohlížeč
- deoxynivalenol MeSH Prohlížeč
- glukosidy MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- trichotheceny MeSH
The occurrence of mycotoxins in agricultural commodities is a major health concern for livestock, humans, and the environment. Barley and subsequently malt quality is of fundamental importance to obtain good quality beer. Classical methods of analysis often require tedious, laborious, and expensive processes. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) instrumentation enables highly sensitive and fast analysis and/or detection using a very small sample. The possibilities of MALDI-TOF MS for he identification and/or detection of trichothecene mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), respectively) in barley malt were examined, and it was found that almost all classical MALDI matrices failed to ionize the compounds being studied. This detailed study of the ionization conditions and the search for unconventional matrices led to the discovery of suitable MALDI matrices, which enable ionization of trichothecene mycotoxins. These were: fine powdered synthetic diamond, sodium azide, or hydrazine hydrate. It is possible to detect 8.5 x 10(-12) mol (2.5 ng) of deoxynivalenol or 64 x 10(-12) mol (20 ng) of nivalenol in just 1 microL of barley malt extract (equivalent to 600 microg of DON in 1 kg of barley malt). The procedure developed enables fast determination of DON and NIV in barley, malt, or similar products.
- MeSH
- ječmen (rod) chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- mykotoxiny analýza chemie MeSH
- pivo analýza normy MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody MeSH
- trichotheceny analýza chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- deoxynivalenol MeSH Prohlížeč
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- nivalenol MeSH Prohlížeč
- trichotheceny MeSH
