BACKGROUND: Hyperkalaemia is a life-threatening electrolyte disturbance and also a potential cause of cardiac arrest. The objective was to assess the effects of acute pharmacological interventions for the treatment of hyperkalaemia in patients with and without cardiac arrest. METHODS: The review was reported according to PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023440553). We searched OVID Medline, EMBASE, and CENTRAL on September 9, 2024 for randomized trials, non-randomized trials, observational studies, and experimental animal studies. Two investigators performed abstract screening, full-text review, data extraction, and bias assessment. Outcomes included potassium levels, ECG findings, and clinical outcomes. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. RESULTS: A total of 101 studies were included, with two studies including patients with cardiac arrest. In meta-analyses including adult patients without cardiac arrest, treated with insulin in combination with glucose, inhaled salbutamol, intravenous salbutamol dissolved in glucose, or a combination, the average reduction in potassium was between 0.7 and 1.2 mmol/l (very low to low certainty of evidence). The use of bicarbonate had no effect on potassium levels (very low certainty of evidence). In neonatal and paediatric populations, inhaled salbutamol and intravenous salbutamol reduced the average potassium between 0.9 and 1.0 mmol/l (very low to low certainty of evidence). There was no evidence to support a clinical beneficial effect of calcium for treatment of hyperkalemia. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence supports treatment with insulin in combination with glucose, inhaled or intravenous sal-butamol, or the combination. No evidence supporting a clinical effect of calcium or bicarbonate for hyperkalaemia was identified.
- Klíčová slova
- Beta2-agonists, Bicarbonate, Calcium, Hyperkalaemia, Insulin, Pharmacological interventions, Systematic review,
- MeSH
- albuterol aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- draslík krev MeSH
- hyperkalemie * farmakoterapie komplikace MeSH
- inzulin aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- srdeční zástava * etiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
- Názvy látek
- albuterol MeSH
- draslík MeSH
- inzulin MeSH
The combination of aminophylline and salbutamol is frequently used in clinical practice in the treatment of obstructive lung diseases. While the side effects (including arrhythmias) of the individual bronchodilator drugs were well described previously, the side effects of combined treatment are almost unknown. We aimed to study the arrhythmogenic potential of combined aminophylline and salbutamol treatment in vitro. For this purpose, we used the established atomic force microscopy (AFM) model coupled with cardiac organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs). We focused on the chronotropic, inotropic, and arrhythmogenic effects of salbutamol alone and aminophylline and salbutamol combined treatment. We used a method based on heart rate/beat rate variability (HRV/BRV) analysis to detect arrhythmic events in the hPSC-CM based AFM recordings. Salbutamol and aminophylline had a synergistic chronotropic and inotropic effect compared to the effects of monotherapy. Our main finding was that salbutamol reduced the arrhythmogenic effect of aminophylline, most likely mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase activated by beta-2 adrenergic receptors. These findings were replicated and confirmed using hPSC-CM derived from two cell lines (CCTL4 and CCTL12). Data suggest that salbutamol as an add-on therapy may not only deliver a bronchodilator effect but also increase the cardiovascular safety of aminophylline, as salbutamol reduces its arrhythmogenic potential.
- Klíčová slova
- Aminophylline, Arrhythmogenic effects, Atomic force microscopy, iPSC, Biomechanical properties, Cardiomyocytes, Drug cardiotoxicity, HESC, Pulmonary drug screening, Salbutamol,
- MeSH
- albuterol * farmakologie MeSH
- aminofylin * farmakologie MeSH
- bronchodilatancia farmakologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- kardiomyocyty účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroskopie atomárních sil MeSH
- pluripotentní kmenové buňky účinky léků cytologie MeSH
- srdeční arytmie * farmakoterapie MeSH
- srdeční frekvence účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- albuterol * MeSH
- aminofylin * MeSH
- bronchodilatancia MeSH
It was suggested that impaired β-adrenergic relaxation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) might contribute to their high blood pressure (BP). Our study was focused on isoprenaline-induced dilatation of conduit femoral or resistance mesenteric arteries and on isoprenaline-induced BP reduction in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). We confirmed decreased β-adrenergic relaxation of SHR femoral arteries due to the absence of its endothelium-independent component, whereas endothelium-dependent component of β-adrenergic smooth muscle relaxation was similar in both strains. Conversely, isoprenaline-induced relaxation of resistance mesenteric arteries was similar in both strains and this was true for endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent components. We observed moderately reduced sensitivity of SHR mesenteric arteries to salmeterol (β2-adrenergic agonist) and this strain difference disappeared after endothelium removal. However, there was no difference in mesenteric arteries relaxation by dobutamine (β1-adrenergic agonist) which was independent of endothelium. The increasing isoprenaline doses elicited similar BP decrease in both rat strains, although BP sensitivity to isoprenaline was slightly decreased in SHR. The blockade of cyclooxygenase (indomethacin) and NO synthase (L-NAME) further reduced BP sensitivity to isoprenaline in SHR. On the other hand, salmeterol elicited similar BP decrease in both strains and the blockade of cyclooxygenase and NO synthase increased BP sensitivity to salmeterol in SHR as compared to WKY. In conclusion, attenuated β-adrenergic vasodilatation of conduit arteries of SHR but similar β-adrenergic relaxation of resistance mesenteric arteries from WKY and SHR and their similar BP response to β-adrenergic agonists do not support major role of altered β-adrenergic vasodilatation for high BP in genetic hypertension.
- Klíčová slova
- Blood pressure, Femoral artery, Isoprenaline, Resistance mesenteric artery, β(1)-agonist dobutamine, β(2)-agonist salmeterol,
- MeSH
- adrenergní látky * MeSH
- agonisté adrenergních beta-receptorů farmakologie MeSH
- arteriae mesentericae MeSH
- cévní endotel MeSH
- cévní rezistence MeSH
- cyklooxygenasy MeSH
- hypertenze * MeSH
- isoprenalin farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- potkani inbrední SHR MeSH
- potkani inbrední WKY MeSH
- salmeterol xinafoát MeSH
- synthasa oxidu dusnatého MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- adrenergní látky * MeSH
- agonisté adrenergních beta-receptorů MeSH
- cyklooxygenasy MeSH
- isoprenalin MeSH
- salmeterol xinafoát MeSH
- synthasa oxidu dusnatého MeSH
Complex structure of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. exopolysaccharide (EPS), with apparent molecular weight 214 × 103 g/mol, can be deduced from its composition. Chemical and NMR analyses found four dominant sugar monomers, namely (1 → 4)-linked α-l-arabinopyranose, β-d-glucopyranose, β-d-xylopyranose and (1 → 3)-linked β-d-mannopyranose, two different uronic acids and a lactyl group, with (1 → 4,6)-linked β-d-glucopyranose as the only branch point suggest a complex structure of this polymer. The dominant uronic acid is α-linked, but it remained unidentified. β-d-Glucuronic acid was present in lower amount. Their position as well as that of lactyl remained undetermined too. Different doses of orally administered EPS in guinea pigs evoked a significant decrease in cough effort and a decrease in airway reactivity. The antitussive efficacy and bronchodilator effect of higher doses of EPS were found to be similar to that of the antitussive drug codeine and the antiasthmatic salbutamol. Without significant cytotoxicity on the RAW 264.7 cells, EPS stimulated the macrophage cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandins (PGs) and nitric oxide (NO) via induction of COX-2 and iNOS expression, respectively, suggesting that this biopolymer potentiates an early innate immune response and can therefore be used as a new immune modulator.
- Klíčová slova
- Biological activities, Cyanobacteria, Extracellular polysaccharide,
- MeSH
- albuterol farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální polysacharidy chemie farmakologie MeSH
- biopolymery chemie MeSH
- bronchodilatancia farmakologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- cytokiny metabolismus MeSH
- interleukin-6 metabolismus MeSH
- kašel farmakoterapie MeSH
- kodein farmakologie MeSH
- kyselina glukuronová chemie MeSH
- kyseliny uronové chemie MeSH
- makrofágy účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- myši MeSH
- Nostoc metabolismus MeSH
- oxid dusnatý metabolismus MeSH
- RAW 264.7 buňky MeSH
- sinice metabolismus MeSH
- TNF-alfa metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- morčata MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- albuterol MeSH
- bakteriální polysacharidy MeSH
- biopolymery MeSH
- bronchodilatancia MeSH
- cytokiny MeSH
- interleukin-6 MeSH
- kodein MeSH
- kyselina glukuronová MeSH
- kyseliny uronové MeSH
- oxid dusnatý MeSH
- TNF-alfa MeSH
Medicines containing both a herbal extract and a synthetic substance are in high demand due to their beneficial effects and synergism. The novel combination of salbutamol sulfate and Hedera helix extracts seems to be prospective in terms of pharmacological activity. But for quality assurance, impurities of the synthetic component have to be determined and quantified. Plant extracts consist of various phytochemical components, therefore, it is more complicated to develop a selective analytical method due to the sample matrix. To prove the safety and efficacy of the dosage form, a new HPLC method for analysis of salbutamol sulfate impurities was developed and validated. The method was used to estimate the safety of the novel syrup by performing long-term stability studies for 24 months. Obtained results indicated the absence in both significant reducing of the main components content and increasing of related substances level. Also, force degradation was carried out to prognosticate the possibility of impurities producing.
- Klíčová slova
- HPLC, cough syrup, impurities, long-term stability study, multicomponent dosage form, salbutamol sulfate,
- MeSH
- albuterol * MeSH
- kašel * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- sírany MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- albuterol * MeSH
- sírany MeSH
BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an illness with significant healthcare and societal impacts. Fixed combinations of long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) and inhaled corticosteroids have been used for COPD treatment as the standard of care for many years. A daily dose of indacaterol and glycopyrronium (IND/GLY) at 110/50 µg has recently been gaining attention due to its improved efficacy and tolerability versus the standard of care.The study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of once daily IND/GLY vs. twice daily salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (SFC) at 50/500 µg in COPD patients. METHODS: A microsimulation model in MS Excel was adapted to the Czech setting. Effectiveness data and disease severity stages were obtained from the FLAME study, which is a head-to head trial comparing IND/GLY vs. SFC. Quality of life data were derived from a literature review. Costs (medication, monitoring and complications) were taken from published Czech sources. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was expressed as cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 3 %. A lifetime horizon was used for the analysis. Cost-effectiveness was studied from the perspective of a health care system in the Czech Republic. RESULTS: Mean QALYs were higher in the IND/GLY arm (difference 0.167 QALYs). The ICER of IND/GLY compared with SFC was €13,628 per QALY gained. Deterministic sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed the base-case result to be robust. CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of the Czech health care system, managing COPD using IND/GLY is cost-effective in this analysis because the base-case is clearly below the willingness-to-pay threshold in the Czech Republic, which is automatically set at 3 times GDP/capita (approximately €44,000/ QALY). This is the first available economic analysis utilizing FLAME study results in the Central East European (CEE) countries showing IND/ GLY as a highly cost-effective investment into COPD patients.
- Klíčová slova
- COPD, Czech Republic, cost effectiveness, indacaterol/glycopyrronium,
- MeSH
- analýza nákladů a výnosů * MeSH
- antagonisté muskarinových receptorů aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- bronchodilatancia aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- chinolony aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc farmakoterapie ekonomika MeSH
- glykopyrrolát aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- indany aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- kombinace léků salmeterol a fluticason aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- kvalitativně upravené roky života MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antagonisté muskarinových receptorů MeSH
- bronchodilatancia MeSH
- chinolony MeSH
- glykopyrrolát MeSH
- indacaterol MeSH Prohlížeč
- indany MeSH
- kombinace léků salmeterol a fluticason MeSH
Mountaineering brings many health risks, one of which is mountain sickness. Its mildest form - acute mountain sickness - is mainly characterized by subjective symptoms (headache, loss of appetite, insomnia, weakness, nausea and rarely also vomiting). Advanced and life-threatening forms are characterized by tissue edema - cerebral or pulmonary high altitude edema. The common denominator of these acute forms is the low oxygen tension leading to hypoxemia and tissue ischemia. Sum of maladaptive or adaptive processes can modify the clinical picture. Underlying mechanisms of the chronic forms of pulmonary disease are the adaptation processes - pulmonary hypertension and polycythemia leading to heart failure.The only causal therapeutic intervention is to restore adequate oxygen tension, descend to lower altitudes or oxygen therapy. Pharmacotherapy has only a supportive effect. The prophylaxis includes stimulation of the respiratory center by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide) antiedematous treatment with glucocorticoids (dexamethasone), increase lymphatic drainage of the lungs and brain by β2-agonists (salmeterol) or mitigation of pulmonary hypertension by calcium channel blockers or phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (sildenafil or tadalafil).
- Klíčová slova
- acute mountain sickness - high-altitude pulmonary edema - high-altitude cerebral edema - pathophysiology - clinical picture - treatment.,
- MeSH
- acetazolamid terapeutické užití MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- blokátory kalciových kanálů terapeutické užití MeSH
- dexamethason terapeutické užití MeSH
- edém mozku MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace fyziologie MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- kyslík krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nadmořská výška MeSH
- oxygenoterapie MeSH
- plicní hypertenze komplikace diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- salmeterol xinafoát terapeutické užití MeSH
- výšková nemoc diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- acetazolamid MeSH
- blokátory kalciových kanálů MeSH
- dexamethason MeSH
- kyslík MeSH
- salmeterol xinafoát MeSH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is produced by vascular endothelial cells and epithelial cells, T-lymphocytes and phagocytes. Increased ET-1 levels have been demonstrated in the bronchial epithelium of asthma patients. In vitro, ET-1 stimulates mucus secretion, activates proinflammatory cells - macrophages and mast cells - and serves as a mitogenic stimulus for fibroblasts and smooth muscle. In addition, ET-1 activates phospholipase 2. Compared with healthy individuals, asthma patients have increased ET-1 levels during an attack and following stabilisation. Our study was designed to examine plasma ET-1 (P-ET) levels in paediatric atopic patients newly diagnosed with persistent mild bronchial asthma and 1 month after initiation of montelukast therapy. METHODS: Patients' histories were examined, and their blood eosinophil leucocyte count and levels of total serum immunoglobulin E (S-IgE), serum eosinophil cationic protein (S-ECP) and P-ET were determined. Thirty-six patients with persistent mild bronchial asthma were treated with the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast, administered once a day for 4 weeks. Second P-ET and S-ECP level determinations were made 4 weeks later with all the children included in the study. P-ET levels were also determined in a group of 27 healthy children who had no atopy in their medical histories and were taking no drugs (including montelukast), and who served as controls. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD pretreatment P-ET level in the 36 study children was 11.542 +/- 6.408 pg/L, and this decreased to 5.636 +/- 4.419 pg/L after 1 month's therapy with montelukast (statistically significant difference; p < 0.0001). Both of these values were significantly higher (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.031, respectively) than the mean level in the control group of 27 children (3.543 +/- 2.497 pg/L). The mean pretreatment S-ECP level was 35.78 +/- 19.58 microg/L, and this decreased to 19.54 +/- 13.86 microg/L after 1 month's therapy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a decrease in P-ET levels in children with mild asthma receiving montelukast. This indicates a reduction in the severity of the inflammatory response and, hence, provides evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of montelukast. Monitoring both ET-1 and ECP levels at regular follow-up may be useful in assessing these two facets of activity of chronic inflammation in bronchial asthma.
- MeSH
- acetáty aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- albuterol aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- antagonisté leukotrienů aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- antiastmatika aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- aplikace intranazální MeSH
- bronchiální astma krev farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- bronchodilatancia aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chinoliny aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- cyklopropany MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- endotelin-1 krev MeSH
- eozinofilní kationtový protein metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- sulfidy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- acetáty MeSH
- albuterol MeSH
- antagonisté leukotrienů MeSH
- antiastmatika MeSH
- bronchodilatancia MeSH
- chinoliny MeSH
- cyklopropany MeSH
- endotelin-1 MeSH
- eozinofilní kationtový protein MeSH
- montelukast MeSH Prohlížeč
- sulfidy MeSH
To compare the dose-related bronchodilator efficacy and tolerability of formoterol (Oxis) Turbuhaler with salmeterol Diskhaler and placebo in children with asthma. A single-dose, randomized, double-blind, incomplete crossover study of 68 children (7-17 years), with moderate-to-severe asthma, 82% receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Patients received four of six treatments [4.5, 9, 18, or 36 microg formoterol (6, 12, 24 or 48 microg metered doses), 50 microg salmeterol (metered dose) or placebo] at 12-h visits, separated by > or =3 days. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), pulse, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, adverse events and urine formoterol were assessed. The therapeutic ratio of formoterol vs. salmeterol was estimated from the efficacy and systemic effects results. All active treatments significantly improved FEV1 compared with placebo. Formoterol 9-36 microg provided dose-related increases over salmeterol in lung function: average 12-h FEV1 (increases of 4.9-8.7%, p < 0.001) and FEV1 at 12 h post-dose (7.0-12.2%, p < 0.001). The onset of effect of formoterol was also significantly faster than salmeterol for doses > or =9 microg. Salmeterol 50 microg was estimated to be equieffective to 3.3 microg formoterol for 12-h average FEV1 and the estimated equieffective dose for a variety of systemic effects was 7.8-13.5 microg formoterol. All treatments were well tolerated. Formoterol (Oxis) Turbuhaler 4.5-36 microg provided dose-related improvements in bronchodilator efficacy in children with asthma. Formoterol > or =9 microg provided superior bronchodilator efficacy over 12 h compared with salmeterol Diskhaler 50 microg with no increase in systemic effects.
- MeSH
- albuterol aplikace a dávkování analogy a deriváty MeSH
- aplikace inhalační MeSH
- bronchiální astma diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- bronchodilatancia aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
- ethanolaminy aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- formoterol fumarát MeSH
- klinické křížové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- plicní ventilace MeSH
- salmeterol xinafoát MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- albuterol MeSH
- bronchodilatancia MeSH
- ethanolaminy MeSH
- formoterol fumarát MeSH
- salmeterol xinafoát MeSH
Determination of salbutamol using sequential injection analysis (SIA) with chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection has been devised. The chemiluminescence signal was emitted during the oxidation of salbutamol by potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid medium. Sodium polyphosphate was used as chemiluminescence enhancer. The fluorescence signal (excitation wavelength 230 nm) was also measured in sulfuric acid medium. Both detection techniques were compared with respect to the application of the methods to the determination of salbutamol in biological materials. The sample pre-treatment takes place directly in the SIA system, when salbutamol is adsorbed on the solid-phase (Baker-carboxylic acid) microcolumn integrated into the system. Sulfuric acid serves both as the reagent and the eluent. The lab-made SIA system consisted of a 2.5-mL Cavro syringe pump, ten-port Vici Valco selection valve and Spectra-Physics FS 970 fluorescence detector, which was lab-modified for chemiluminescence detection. The system was controlled by a PC using originally compiled LabVIEW-supported software. Concentrations, volumes of reagents and flow rates were optimised by a simplex method. Salbutamol was determined in the linear range 0.05-10 microg mL(-1) (RSD 1.53%), with the detection limit (3 sigma) 0.03 microg mL(-1) and sample throughput of 42 samples per hour with chemiluminescence detection in standard solutions. The fluorescence detection enabled the determination of salbutamol in standard solutions in the linear range 0.5-100 microg mL(-1) (RSD 2.69%), with the detection limit 0.2 microg mL(-1) and sample throughput of 24 h(-1). The proposed methods were applied to the determination of salbutamol in human serum and urine. However, serum is a very complicated matrix and the SIA-SPE analysis did not provide satisfactory results. It was possible to determine salbutamol in human urine using this technique. Better recovery was achieved with fluorescence detection.
- MeSH
- agonisté adrenergních beta-receptorů analýza krev moč MeSH
- albuterol analýza krev moč MeSH
- fluorescence MeSH
- indikátory a reagencie MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- luminiscenční měření MeSH
- počítačové zpracování signálu * MeSH
- průtoková injekční analýza MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- agonisté adrenergních beta-receptorů MeSH
- albuterol MeSH
- indikátory a reagencie MeSH
