BACKGROUND: Adequate postoperative pain treatment is important for quality of life, patient satisfaction, rehabilitation, function, and total opioid consumption, and might lower both the risk of chronic postoperative pain and the costs for society. Prolonged opioid consumption is a well-known risk factor for addiction. Previous studies in upper extremity surgery have shown that total opioid consumption is a third of the amount prescribed, which can be explained by package size. The aim of this study was to examine whether implementation of prepacked takehome analgesia bags reduced the quantity of prescribed and dispensed opioids. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We introduced prepacked take-home analgesia bags for postoperative pain treatment in outpatient surgery. The bags came in two sizes, each containing paracetamol, etoricoxib, and oxycodone. The first 147 patients who received the prepacked analgesia bags were included in the study, and received a questionnaire one month after surgery covering self-assessed pain (visual analog scale of 0-10) and satisfaction (0-5), as well as opioid consumption. Prescription data after introducing the analgesia bags were compared with data before the bags were introduced. RESULTS: Of the 147 patients included in the study, 58 responded. Compared to standard prescription (small bag group: 14 oxycodone immediate release capsules (5 mg), large bag group: additional 28 oxycodone extended release tablets (5 mg), based on the smallest available package), the patients in the small analgesia bag group received 50% less oxycodone and 67% less for the large bag group. Patients with small bags consumed a median of 0.0 mg oxycodone and those with large bags consumed a median of 25.0 mg oxycodone. The median satisfaction was 5.0 (range: 2-5) and the median pain score was acceptable at the first postoperative day. Prescription data showed a significant reduction of 60.0% in the total amount of prescribed opioids after the introduction of prepacked analgesia bags. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of prepacked analgesia bags dramatically reduced the quantity of opioids prescribed after outpatient hand surgery. Patient satisfaction was high and the postoperative pain level was acceptable. KEY WORDS: analgesia, hand surgery, opioids, outpatint surgery, wrist surgery.

• MeSH
• ambulantní chirurgické výkony * metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• management bolesti metody   MeSH
• měření bolesti MeSH
• opioidní analgetika * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• oxykodon aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• paracetamol aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• pooperační bolest * prevence a kontrola   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• ruka chirurgie   MeSH
• spokojenost pacientů MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• opioidní analgetika * MeSH
• oxykodon MeSH
• paracetamol MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Opioids and benzodiazepines are frequently combined in medical as well as in non-medical contexts. At high doses, such combinations often result in serious health complications attributed to pharmacodynamics interactions. Here, we investigate the contribution of the metabolic interactions between oxycodone, diazepam and diclazepam (a designer benzodiazepine) in abuse/overdose conditions through ex vivo, in vivo and in silico approaches. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: A preparation of pooled human liver microsomes was used to study oxycodone metabolism in the presence or absence of diazepam or diclazepam. In mice, diazepam or diclazepam was concomitantly administered with oxycodone to mimic acute intoxication. Diclazepam was introduced on Day 10 in mice continuously infused with oxycodone for 15 days to mimic chronic intoxication. In silico modelling was used to study the molecular interactions of the three drugs with CYP3A4 and 2D6. KEY RESULTS: In mice, in acute conditions, both diazepam and diclazepam inhibited the metabolism of oxycodone. In chronic conditions and at pharmacologically equivalent doses, diclazepam drastically enhanced the production of oxymorphone. In silico, the affinity of benzodiazepines was higher than oxycodone for CYP3A4, inhibiting oxycodone metabolism through CYP3A4. Oxycodone metabolism is likely to be diverted towards CYP2D6. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Acute doses of diazepam or diclazepam result in the accumulation of oxycodone, whereas chronic administration induces the accumulation of oxymorphone, the toxic metabolite. This suggests that overdoses of opioids in the presence of benzodiazepines are partly due to metabolic interactions, which in turn explain the patterns of toxicity dependent on usage. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.

• Klíčová slova
• benzodiazepines, designer benzodiazepines, diazepam, diclazepam, metabolic interactions, opioids, oxycodone,
• MeSH
• benzodiazepiny toxicita   MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP3A MeSH
• diazepam farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• myši MeSH
• opioidní analgetika toxicita   MeSH
• oxykodon * MeSH
• oxymorfon MeSH
• předávkování léky * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• benzodiazepiny MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP3A MeSH
• diazepam MeSH
• opioidní analgetika MeSH
• oxykodon * MeSH
• oxymorfon MeSH

Complex structure of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. exopolysaccharide (EPS), with apparent molecular weight 214 × 103 g/mol, can be deduced from its composition. Chemical and NMR analyses found four dominant sugar monomers, namely (1 → 4)-linked α-l-arabinopyranose, β-d-glucopyranose, β-d-xylopyranose and (1 → 3)-linked β-d-mannopyranose, two different uronic acids and a lactyl group, with (1 → 4,6)-linked β-d-glucopyranose as the only branch point suggest a complex structure of this polymer. The dominant uronic acid is α-linked, but it remained unidentified. β-d-Glucuronic acid was present in lower amount. Their position as well as that of lactyl remained undetermined too. Different doses of orally administered EPS in guinea pigs evoked a significant decrease in cough effort and a decrease in airway reactivity. The antitussive efficacy and bronchodilator effect of higher doses of EPS were found to be similar to that of the antitussive drug codeine and the antiasthmatic salbutamol. Without significant cytotoxicity on the RAW 264.7 cells, EPS stimulated the macrophage cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandins (PGs) and nitric oxide (NO) via induction of COX-2 and iNOS expression, respectively, suggesting that this biopolymer potentiates an early innate immune response and can therefore be used as a new immune modulator.

• Klíčová slova
• Biological activities, Cyanobacteria, Extracellular polysaccharide,
• MeSH
• albuterol farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální polysacharidy chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• biopolymery chemie   MeSH
• bronchodilatancia farmakologie   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukin-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• kašel farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kodein farmakologie   MeSH
• kyselina glukuronová chemie   MeSH
• kyseliny uronové chemie   MeSH
• makrofágy účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• morčata MeSH
• myši MeSH
• Nostoc metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý metabolismus   MeSH
• RAW 264.7 buňky MeSH
• sinice metabolismus   MeSH
• TNF-alfa metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• morčata MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• albuterol MeSH
• bakteriální polysacharidy MeSH
• biopolymery MeSH
• bronchodilatancia MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• kodein MeSH
• kyselina glukuronová MeSH
• kyseliny uronové MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH

BACKGROUND: 'Braun' is an illegal injectable dihydrocodeinone-enriched drug mixture of semi-synthetic opioids. It is prepared by palladium-catalysed hydrogenation from codeine-containing tablets. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize the dermatologic consequences of long-term abuse of 'Braun'. METHODS: Skin biopsies of two long-term 'Braun' abusers were evaluated histopathologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. Palladium skin content was assessed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. RESULTS: Both patients showed generalized diffuse dark blue-grey hyperpigmentation of the skin. In both, an abnormal population of cells containing intracytoplasmic brownish granular material was identified in the papillary dermis by light microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed a dense and minimally structured material that predominantly accumulated in macrophages, fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. XRF analysis confirmed elevated levels of palladium in the patient's skin in comparison to healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Long-term abuse of palladium-contaminated dihydrocodeinone ('Braun') results in excessive accumulation of granular material in various dermal cell types and causes generalized diffuse skin hyperpigmentation.

• MeSH
• fluorescenční spektrometrie MeSH
• hydrokodon škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hyperpigmentace chemicky indukované   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• narkotika škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• palladium škodlivé účinky   metabolismus   MeSH
• poruchy způsobené užíváním narkotik komplikace   MeSH
• syntetická léčiva škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zakázané drogy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hydrokodon MeSH
• narkotika MeSH
• palladium MeSH
• syntetická léčiva MeSH
• zakázané drogy MeSH

The bacterial strain KDF8 capable of growth in the presence of diclofenac and codeine analgesics was obtained after chemical mutagenesis of nature isolates from polluted soils. The strain KDF8 was identified as Raoultella sp. based on its morphology, biochemical properties, and 16S rRNA gene sequence. It was deposited in the Czech Collection of Microorganisms under the number CCM 8678. A growing culture efficiently removed diclofenac (92% removal) and partially also codeine (about 30% degradation) from culture supernatants within 72 h at 28 °C. The degradation of six analgesics by the whole cell catalyst was investigated in detail. The maximum degradation of diclofenac (91%) by the catalyst was achieved at pHINI of 7 (1 g/L diclofenac). The specific removal rate at high concentrations of diclofenac and codeine increased up to 16.5 mg/gCDW per h and 5.1 mg/gCDW per h, respectively. HPLC analysis identified 4'-hydroxydiclofenac as a major metabolite of diclofenac transformation and 14-hydroxycodeinone as codeine transformation product. The analgesics ibuprofen and ketoprofen were also removed, albeit to a lower extent of 3.2 and 2.0 mg/gCDW per h, respectively. Naproxen and mefenamic acid were not degraded.

• Klíčová slova
• Analgesics, Co-metabolism, Microbial degradation, Raoultella sp., Whole cell catalyst,
• MeSH
• analgetika metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus   MeSH
• diklofenak metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae klasifikace   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• kodein metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• mikrobiální viabilita účinky léků   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• analgetika MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• diklofenak MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• kodein MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

Oxycodone is a widely prescribed, full agonist opioid analgesic. As such, it is used clinically to treat different kinds of painful conditions, with a relatively high potential for doping practices in athletes. In this paper, different classic and innovative miniaturised matrices from blood and urine have been studied and compared, to evaluate their relative merits and drawbacks within therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and to implement new protocols for anti-doping analysis. Plasma, dried blood spots (DBS) and dried plasma spots (DPS) have been studied for TDM purposes, while urine, dried urine spots (DUS) and volumetric absorptive microsamples (VAMS) from urine for anti-doping. These sampling techniques were coupled to an original bioanalytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the evaluation and monitoring of the levels of oxycodone and its major metabolites (noroxycodone and oxymorphone) in patients under pain management and in athletes. The method was validated according to international guidelines, with good results in terms of precision, extraction yield and accuracy for all considered micromatrices. Thus, the proposed sampling, pre-treatment and analysis are attractive strategies for oxycodone determination in human blood and urine, with advanced options for application to derived micromatrices. Microsampling procedures have significant advantages over classic biological matrices like simplified sampling, storage and processing, but also in terms of precision (<9.0% for DBS, <7.7% for DPS, <7.1% for DUS, <5.3% for VAMS) and accuracy (>73% for DBS, >78% for DPS, >74% for DUS, >78% for VAMS). As regards extraction yield, traditional and miniaturised sampling approaches are comparable (>67% for DBS, >74% for DPS, >75% for DUS, >75% for VAMS). All dried matrices have very low volumes, leading to a significant advantage in terms of analysis feasibility. On the other hand, this also leads to a corresponding decrease in the overall sensitivity.

• Klíčová slova
• Anti-doping analysis, Bioanalysis, Blood and urine microsamples, Oxycodone, Therapeutic drug monitoring, Volumetric absorptive microsampling,
• MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová metody   MeSH
• doping ve sportu metody   MeSH
• krevní plazma chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• miniaturizace metody   MeSH
• moč chemie   MeSH
• monitorování léčiv metody   MeSH
• morfinany krev   moč   MeSH
• odběr biologického vzorku metody   MeSH
• odběr vzorku krve MeSH
• oxykodon krev   moč   MeSH
• oxymorfon krev   moč   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• tělesné tekutiny chemie   MeSH
• test suché kapky krve metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• morfinany MeSH
• noroxycodone MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxykodon MeSH
• oxymorfon MeSH

OBJECTIVE: "Krokodil" is the street name for an impure homemade drug mixture used as a cheap substitute for heroin, containing desomorphine as the main opioid. Abscesses, gangrene, thrombophlebitis, limb ulceration and amputations, jaw osteonecrosis, skin discoloration, ulcers, skin infections, and bleeding are some of the typical reported signs in humans. This study aimed to understand the toxicity of krokodil using Wistar male rats as experimental model. METHODS: Animals were divided into seven groups and exposed subcutaneously to NaCl 0.9% (control), krokodil mixture free of psychotropic substances (blank krokodil), pharmaceutical grade desomorphine 1 mg/kg, and four different concentrations of krokodil (containing 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg of desomorphine) synthesized accordingly to a "domestic" protocol followed by people who inject krokodil (PWIK). Daily injections for five consecutive days were performed, and animals were sacrificed 24 hr after the last administration. Biochemical and histological analysis were carried out. RESULTS: It was shown that the continuous use of krokodil may cause injury at the injection area, with formation of necrotic zones. The biochemical results evidenced alterations on cardiac and renal biomarkers of toxicity, namely, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, and uric acid. Significant alteration in levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione on kidney and heart suggested that oxidative stress may be involved in krokodil-mediated toxicity. Cardiac congestion was the most relevant finding of continuous krokodil administration. CONCLUSIONS: These findings contribute notably to comprehension of the local and systemic toxicological impact of this complex drug mixture on major organs and will hopefully be useful for the development of appropriate treatment strategies towards the human toxicological effects of krokodil.

• Klíčová slova
• desomorphine, in vivo, krokodil, phosphorous, toxicity,
• MeSH
• injekce subkutánní MeSH
• játra účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• kodein aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   toxicita   MeSH
• kožní nemoci chemicky indukované   patologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nekróza chemicky indukované   patologie   MeSH
• opioidní analgetika aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• plíce účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• srdce účinky léků   MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zakázané drogy toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• desomorphine MeSH Prohlížeč
• kodein MeSH
• opioidní analgetika MeSH
• zakázané drogy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Pain is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease. We investigated the analgesic efficacy of prolonged-release oxycodone-naloxone (OXN PR) in patients with Parkinson's disease and chronic, severe pain. METHODS: We did this phase 2 study in 47 secondary care centres in the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain, and the UK. We enrolled patients with Hoehn and Yahr Stage II-IV Parkinson's disease, at least one type of severe pain, and an average 24-h pain score of at least 6 (assessed on an 11-point rating scale from 0=no pain to 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) with a validated automated system (block size four) to either oral OXN PR or placebo for 16 weeks (starting dose oxycodone 5 mg, naloxone 2·5 mg, twice daily). Patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was average 24-h pain score at 16 weeks in the full analysis population. This study is registered with EudraCT (2011-002901-31) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01439100). FINDINGS: We enrolled 202 patients; 93 were assigned to OXN PR and 109 to placebo; the full analysis population consisted of 88 patients versus 106 patients. Least squares mean average 24-h pain score at 16 weeks in the full analysis population was 5·0 (95% CI 4·5 to 5·5) in the OXN PR group versus 5·6 (5·1 to 6·0) in the placebo group (difference -0·6, 95% CI -1·3 to 0·0; p=0·058). Similar proportions of patients in each group had adverse events (60/92 [65%] vs 76/109 [70%]), treatment-related adverse events (52/92 [57%] vs 62/109 [57%]), and serious adverse events (5/92 [5%] vs 7/109 [6%]). Treatment-related nausea was more common in the OXN PR group than in the placebo group (16/92 [17%] vs 10/109 [9%]), as was treatment-related constipation (16/92 [17%] vs 6/109 [6%]). INTERPRETATION: The primary endpoint, based on the full analysis population at week 16, was not significant. Nonetheless, the results of this study highlight the potential efficacy of OXN PR for patients with Parkinson's disease-related pain and might warrant further research on OXN PR in this setting. FUNDING: Mundipharma Research.

• MeSH
• bolest komplikace   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• léky s prodlouženým účinkem MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naloxon aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• opioidní analgetika aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• oxykodon aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc komplikace   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• léky s prodlouženým účinkem MeSH
• naloxon MeSH
• opioidní analgetika MeSH
• oxykodon MeSH

"Krokodil" is the street name for a drug, which has been attracting media and researchers attention due to its increasing spread and extreme toxicity. "Krokodil" is a homemade injectable mixture being used as a cheap substitute for heroin. Its use begun in Russia and Ukraine, but it is being spread throughout other countries. The starting materials for "krokodil" synthesis are tablets containing codeine, caustic soda, gasoline, hydrochloric acid, iodine from disinfectants and red phosphorus from matchboxes, all of which are easily available in a retail market or drugstores. The resulting product is a light brown liquid that is injected without previous purification. Herein, we aimed to understand the chemistry behind "krokodil" synthesis by mimicking the steps followed by people who use this drug. The successful synthesis was assessed by the presence of desomorphine and other two morphinans. An analytical gas chromatography-electron impact/mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS) methodology for quantification of desomorphine and codeine was also developed and validated. The methodologies presented herein provide a representative synthesis of "krokodil" street samples and the application of an effective analytical methodology for desomorphine quantification, which was the major morphinan found. Further studies are required in order to find other hypothetical by-products in "krokodil" since these may help to explain signs and symptoms presented by abusers.

• Klíčová slova
• Desomorphine, GC-EI/MS analysis, Opioid abuse, “Krokodil” synthesis,
• MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• intravenózní abúzus drog MeSH
• kodein analogy a deriváty   analýza   chemická syntéza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• soudní toxikologie MeSH
• zakázané drogy chemická syntéza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• desomorphine MeSH Prohlížeč
• kodein MeSH
• zakázané drogy MeSH

"Krokodil" is the street name for the homemade injectable mixture that has been used as a cheap substitute for heroin. Its use begun in Russia and Ukraine and nowadays is being spread over several other countries. Desomorphine is the semi-synthetic opioid claimed to be the main component of krokodil and considered to be responsible for its psychoactive characteristics. The starting materials for desomorphine synthesis are codeine tablets, alkali solutions, organic solvent, acidified water, iodine and red phosphorus, all of which are easily available in retail outlets, such as supermarkets, drugstores, etc. The resulting product is a light brown liquid that is called krokodil. People who inject krokodil present a great variety of serious signs and symptoms, including thrombophlebitis, ulcerations, gangrene, and necrosis, quickly evolving to limb amputation and death. These effects are thought to result from the toxic components produced as byproducts during the homemade drug synthesis. In this work, we reviewed several aspects of krokodil use, including its epidemiology, pharmacology and the chemical properties of the main active ingredient (desomorphine). To enhance our understanding of the clinical and toxic effects and to support the implementation of harm reduction measures, we also describe the "bathtub chemistry" of krokodil and the content of the final solution.

• Klíčová slova
• Desomorphine, Krokodil synthesis, Opioids, People who inject drugs, Signs and symptoms,
• MeSH
• gangréna chemicky indukované   MeSH
• intravenózní abúzus drog komplikace   MeSH
• kodein škodlivé účinky   analogy a deriváty   chemie   MeSH
• kůže patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• nekróza chemicky indukované   MeSH
• neurotoxické syndromy etiologie   MeSH
• osteonekróza chemicky indukované   MeSH
• traumatická amputace chemicky indukované   MeSH
• zakázané drogy škodlivé účinky   chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• desomorphine MeSH Prohlížeč
• kodein MeSH
• zakázané drogy MeSH