New voltammetric and flow amperometric methods for the determination of guaifenesin (GFE) using a perspective screen-printed sensor (SPE) with boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) were developed. The electrochemical oxidation of GFE was studied on the surface of the oxygen-terminated BDDE of the sensor. The GFE provided two irreversible anodic signals at a potential of 1.0 and 1.1 V (vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl sat.) in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2), which was chosen as the supporting electrolyte for all measurements. First, a voltammetric method based on differential pulse voltammetry was developed and a low detection limit (LOD = 41 nmol L-1), a wide linear dynamic range (LDR = 0.1-155 μmol L-1), and a good recovery in the analysis of model and pharmaceutical samples (RSD <3.0 %) were obtained. In addition, this sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity and reproducibility in the analysis of biological samples (RSD <3.2 %), where the analysis took place in a drop of serum (50 μL) without pretreatment and additional electrolyte. Subsequently, SP/BDDE was incorporated into a flow-through 3D printed electrochemical cell and a flow injection analysis method with electrochemical detection (FIA-ED) was developed, resulting in excellent analytical parameters (LOD = 86 nmol L-1, LDR = 0.1-50 μmol L-1). Moreover, the mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of GFE was proposed based on calculations of HOMO spatial distribution and spectroelectrochemical measurements focused on IR identification of intermediates and products.

• Klíčová slova
• Boron-doped diamond electrode, Flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection, Guaifenesin, Screen-printed sensor, Spectroelectrochemistry, Voltammetry,
• MeSH
• bor * chemie   MeSH
• diamant * chemie   MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky * metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• elektrody * MeSH
• guaifenesin * analýza   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bor * MeSH
• diamant * MeSH
• guaifenesin * MeSH

The present study was conducted to scrutinize the pharmacological effect of Estragole (ESG) against CFA-induced arthritis in rats. The rats underwent induction of arthritis using the administration of CFA and after that, the rats were randomly divided into five different groups, where three groups correspond to diverse dosages of ESG, and the other two were control and CFA-arthritic control. Results of the study suggested that ESG in a dose-dependent manner, improves body weight and arthritis score of rats as evidenced by reduction of hind-paw volume. ESG also improved the antioxidant status of rats by reducing MDA levels and enhancing the concentration of endogenous antioxidants SOD and GPx. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also found to be reduced in the case of ESG treated group as compared to CFA-group. In a western blot analysis, ESH showed downregulation of p-JAK-2/STAT-3. The study provided concrete evidence for the protective effect of ESG against rheumatoid arthritis in rats.

• MeSH
• allylbenzenové deriváty * MeSH
• anisoly * MeSH
• antioxidancia farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• artritida experimentální * chemicky indukované   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• revmatoidní artritida * chemicky indukované   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• allylbenzenové deriváty * MeSH
• anisoly * MeSH
• antioxidancia MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• estragole MeSH Prohlížeč

OBJECTIVE: Emergence delirium (ED) is a postoperative complication in pediatric anesthesia characterized by a perception and psychomotor disorder, with a negative impact on postoperative recovery. As the use of inhalation anesthesia is associated with a higher incidence of ED, we investigated whether titrating the depth of general anesthesia with BIS monitor can reduce the incidence of ED. DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, and double-blind. SETTING: Patients undergoing endoscopic adenoidectomy under general anesthesia according to a uniform protocol. PATIENTS: A total of 163 patients of both sexes aged 3-8 years were enrolled over 18 months. INTERVENTIONS: Immediately after the induction of general anesthesia, a bispectral index (BIS) electrode was placed on the patient's forehead. In the study group, the depth of general anesthesia was monitored with the aim of achieving BIS values of 40-60. In the control group, the dose of sevoflurane was determined by the anaesthesiologist based on MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) and the end-tidal concentration. MEASUREMENTS: The primary objective was to compare the occurrence of ED during the PACU (post-anesthesia care unit) stay in both arms of the study. The secondary objective was to determine the PAED score at 10 and 30 min in the PACU and the need for rescue treatment of ED. MAIN RESULTS: 86 children were randomized in the intervention group and 77 children in the control group. During the entire PACU stay, 23.3% (38/163) of patients developed ED with PAED score >10: 35.1% (27/77) in the control group and 12.8% (11/86) in the intervention group (p = 0.001). Lower PAED scores were also found in the intervention group at 10 (p < 0.001) and 30 (p < 0.001) minutes compared to the control group. The need for rescue treatment did not differ between groups (p = 0.067). CONCLUSION: Individualization of the depth of general anesthesia with BIS monitoring is an effective method of preventing ED in children. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04466579.

• Klíčová slova
• Children, Emergence delirium, PAED score, Postoperative outcomes, Postoperative recovery,
• MeSH
• celková anestezie * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• inhalační anestezie * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pooperační delirium * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   etiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• probouzení z anestezie MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• sevofluran MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• sevofluran MeSH

Assessing the prospective climate preservation potential of novel, innovative, but immature chemical production techniques is limited by the high number of process synthesis options and the lack of reliable, high-throughput quantitative sustainability pre-screening methods. This study presents the sequential use of data-driven hybrid prediction (ANN-RSM-DOM) to streamline waste-to-dimethyl ether (DME) upcycling using a set of sustainability criteria. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are developed to generate in silico waste valorization experimental results and ex-ante model the operating space of biorefineries applying the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and sewage sludge (SS). Aspen Plus process flowsheeting and ANN simulations are postprocessed using the response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability optimization method (DOM) to improve the in-depth mechanistic understanding of environmental systems and identify the most benign configurations. The hybrid prediction highlights the importance of targeted waste selection based on elemental composition and the need to design waste-specific DME synthesis to improve techno-economic and environmental performances. The developed framework reveals plant configurations with concurrent climate benefits (-1.241 and -2.128 kg CO2-eq (kg DME)-1) and low DME production costs (0.382 and 0.492 € (kg DME)-1) using OFMSW and SS feedstocks. Overall, the multi-scale explorative hybrid prediction facilitates early stage process synthesis, assists in the design of block units with nonlinear characteristics, resolves the simultaneous analysis of qualitative and quantitative variables, and enables the high-throughput sustainability screening of low technological readiness level processes.

• Klíčová slova
• artificial neural network, explorative decarbonization, hybrid machine learning, hydrothermal gasification, optimization, process synthesis, sustainable-by-design, waste-to-chemicals,
• MeSH
• methylethery * MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• podnebí * MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rychlé screeningové testy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dimethyl ether MeSH Prohlížeč
• methylethery * MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of volatile anesthetics on the rates of postoperative myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiac death after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). DESIGN: A post hoc analysis of a randomized trial. SETTING: Cardiac surgical operating rooms. PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing elective, isolated CABG. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to receive a volatile anesthetic (desflurane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane) or total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). The primary outcome was hemodynamically relevant MI (MI requiring high-dose inotropic support or prolonged intensive care unit stay) occurring within 48 hours from surgery. The secondary outcome was 1-year death due to cardiac causes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 5,400 patients were enrolled between April 2014 and September 2017 (2,709 patients randomized to the volatile anesthetics group and 2,691 to TIVA). The mean age was 62 ± 8.4 years, and the median baseline ejection fraction was 57% (50-67), without differences between the 2 groups. Patients in the volatile group had a lower incidence of MI with hemodynamic complications both in the per-protocol (14 of 2,530 [0.6%] v 27 of 2,501 [1.1%] in the TIVA group; p = 0.038) and as-treated analyses (16 of 2,708 [0.6%] v 29 of 2,617 [1.1%] in the TIVA group; p = 0.039), but not in the intention-to-treat analysis (17 of 2,663 [0.6%] v 28 of 2,667 [1.0%] in the TIVA group; p = 0.10). Overall, deaths due to cardiac causes were lower in the volatile group (23 of 2,685 [0.9%] v 40 of 2,668 [1.5%] than in the TIVA group; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: An anesthetic regimen, including volatile agents, may be associated with a lower rate of postoperative MI with hemodynamic complication in patients undergoing CABG. Furthermore, it may reduce long-term cardiac mortality.

• Klíčová slova
• cancer, cardiac surgery, cardioprotection, mortality, myocardial infarction, volatile anesthetics,
• MeSH
• anestetika inhalační * MeSH
• anestetika intravenózní MeSH
• infarkt myokardu * farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• koronární bypass metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pooperační komplikace diagnóza   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• propofol * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sevofluran MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anestetika inhalační * MeSH
• anestetika intravenózní MeSH
• propofol * MeSH
• sevofluran MeSH

Since the advent of nitric oxide, diethyl ether, chloroform and cyclopropane, the greatest advancement in the area of general inhalational anesthetics has been achieved by the introduction of fluorinated anesthetics and the relevant chiral techniques. This progress led to marked decrease in mortality rates in anesthesia. In the group of chiral fluorinated compounds, halothane (Fluotan®), isoflurane (Foran®), desflurane (Supran®) and enflurane (Ehran®) are deployed as volatile anesthetics. Chiral anesthetics possess a stereogenic center in their molecules and thus exist as two enantiomers (S)-(+) and (R)-(-). Although these chiral anesthetics are used as racemates, it is crucial to study besides the bioactivities of the racemic compounds also the biological activity and other properties of the particular enantiomers. The present survey discusses the drug category known as inhalational anesthetics in regard to their chiral aspects. These compounds exhibit marked differences between the (R) and (S)-enantiomers in their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The main analytical technique employed in the enantioseparation of these compounds is gas chromatography (GC). This review lists the individual chiral phases (chiral selectors) used in the enantioseparation as well as in pharmacokinetic studies. The possibilities of preparation of these compounds in their enantiomerically pure form by means of stereoselective synthesis are also mentioned.

• Klíčová slova
• chirality, enantioseparation, general anesthetics, inhalational anesthetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, stereochemistry,
• MeSH
• anestetika inhalační * MeSH
• enfluran MeSH
• halothan MeSH
• isofluran * MeSH
• stereoizomerie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anestetika inhalační * MeSH
• enfluran MeSH
• halothan MeSH
• isofluran * MeSH

The Department of Defense has developed new explosive formulations in which traditionally used cyclic nitramines such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) have been updated with the insensitive munition (IM) 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). Understanding combined degradation of both compounds at explosive-contaminated sites will allow remediation approaches that simultaneously target both contaminants. DNAN reduction in the presence of RDX was evaluated in abiotic experiments using substoichiometric, stoichiometric, and superstoichiometric concentrations of ferrous iron and anthrahydroquinone disulfonate within a pH range from 7.0 to 9.0. Biological degradation was investigated in resting cell suspensions of Geobacter metallireducens strain GS-15, a model Fe(III)-reducing Bacteria. Cells were amended into anoxic tubes buffered at pH 7.0, with initial 100 μM DNAN and 40-50 μM RDX. In both abiotic and biological experiments, the DNAN was reduced through the intermediate 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline or 4-methoxy-3-nitroaniline to 2,4-diaminoanisole. In biological experiments, the RDX was reduced to form methylenedinitramine, formaldehyde (HCHO), and ammonium (NH4+). Cells were able to reduce both DNAN and RDX most readily in the presence of extracellular electron shuttles and/or Fe(III). DNAN degradation (abiotic and biotic) was faster than degradation of RDX, suggesting that the reduction of IMs will not be inhibited by cyclic nitramines, but degradation dynamics did change in mixtures when compared to singular compounds.

• MeSH
• anisoly MeSH
• Geobacter MeSH
• triaziny * MeSH
• železité sloučeniny * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,4-dinitroanisole MeSH Prohlížeč
• anisoly MeSH
• cyclonite MeSH Prohlížeč
• triaziny * MeSH
• železité sloučeniny * MeSH

We aimed to evaluate the regulatory effects of propofol on high-dose remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia. A total of 180 patients receiving laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into sevoflurane + high-dose remifentanil (SH) group, sevoflurane + low-dose remifentanil (SL) group and propofol + high-dose remifentanil group (PH) group (n=60). After intravenous administration of midazolam, SH and SL groups were induced with sevoflurane and remifentanil, and PH group was induced with propofol and remifentanil. During anesthesia maintenance, SH and SL groups were given 0.3 microg/kg/min and 0.1 microg/kg/min sevoflurane and remifentanil respectively, and PH group was given 0.3 microg/kg/min propofol and remifentanil. The three groups had significantly different awakening time, extubation time and total dose of remifentanil (P<0.001). Compared with SL group, periumbilical mechanical pain thresholds 6 h and 24 h after surgery significantly decreased in SH group (P<0.05), and the visual analog scale (VAS) scores significantly increased 30 min, 2 h and 6 h after surgery (P<0.05). Compared with SH group, periumbilical mechanical thresholds 6 h and 24 h after surgery were significantly higher in PH group (P<0.05), and VAS scores 30 min, 2 h and 6 h after surgery were significantly lower (P<0.05). PH group first used patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pump significantly later than SL group did (P<0.05). The total consumptions of sufentanil in PH and SL groups were significantly lower than that of SH group (P<0.05). The incidence rates of bradycardia and postoperative chill in PH and SH groups were significantly higher than those of SL group (P<0.05). Anesthesia by infusion of high-dose remifentanil plus sevoflurane caused postoperative hyperalgesia which was relieved through intravenous anesthesia with propofol.

• MeSH
• anestetika inhalační farmakologie   MeSH
• anestetika intravenózní farmakologie   MeSH
• cholecystektomie laparoskopická škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hyperalgezie chemicky indukované   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• opioidní analgetika aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• pooperační bolest prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• propofol farmakologie   MeSH
• remifentanil aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• sevofluran farmakologie   MeSH
• sufentanil aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anestetika inhalační MeSH
• anestetika intravenózní MeSH
• opioidní analgetika MeSH
• propofol MeSH
• remifentanil MeSH
• sevofluran MeSH
• sufentanil MeSH

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is diagnosed in up to 30% patients after anaesthesia. The causative role of anaesthetic toxicity remains unclear. Using clinical tests, no clear-cut differences have been observed between anaesthetics so far. The aim of this trial was to compare the incidence of POCD diagnosed by a battery of neuropsychologic tests after propofol and sevoflurane anaesthesia. Secondary goal was to examine possible relationship between POCD positivity and changes in auditory event-related potentials (ERPs). Sixty patients undergoing lumbar discectomy were prospectively randomized to receive depth-controlled sevoflurane (SEVO) or propofol (PROP) based anaesthesia. The neuropsychological examination and auditory event-related potentials (N1, P3a and P3b components) recording was performed preoperatively and on days 1, 6 and 42 after surgery. POCD was defined as a decline of more than one standard deviation in three or more tests. In 43 patients (20 in PROP and 23 in SEVO group) all selected tests were performed and used for the evaluation. POCD was present in 48%/60%, 18%/20% and 17%/11% (SEVO/PROP) of patients on days 1, 6 and 42 after surgery, with no significant intergroup difference. Among neuropsychologic tests, the most significant decline was observed in Semantic Verbal Fluency and Letter-Number Sequencing Test scores, congruently in both groups on days 1 and 6, with full recovery on the last control. Transient deteriorations in other tests were observed as well. No association of POCD positivity and ERPs changes was found, although long-term modifications of P3a and P3b components were observed, mainly in SEVO group. In our study, sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia was associated with the similar incidence of POCD. Cognitive decline, mainly affecting executive functions, was temporary in most of the patients. Prolonged ERPs alterations after the anaesthesia seem not to have any relationship with the impairment registered by the neuropsychological examination and may represent subclinical changes.

• Klíčová slova
• Component P3, Event-related potentials, Neuropsychological testing, POCD, Postoperative cognitive dysfunction,
• MeSH
• anestetika inhalační škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• anestetika intravenózní škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• anestezie škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• evokované potenciály účinky léků   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce chemicky indukované   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• pooperační komplikace epidemiologie   MeSH
• propofol terapeutické užití   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sevofluran terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anestetika inhalační MeSH
• anestetika intravenózní MeSH
• propofol MeSH
• sevofluran MeSH

We report the first amperometric method for the simultaneous determination of tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), propyl gallate (PG), and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) using flow injection analysis coupled to multiple-pulse amperometry. A sequence of potential pulses was selected in order to detect tBHQ, PG, and BHA separately in a single injection step at a glassy carbon electrode without the need of a preliminary separation. A mixture of methanol and 0.040M Britton-Robinson buffer was used both as a carrier solution and for dilution of analyzed solutions before injection. The method is precise (RSD < 5%, n = 10), fast (a frequency of 140 injections h-1), provides sufficiently low quantification limits (2.51, 1.45, and 0.85μmolL-1 for tBHQ, PG, and BHA, respectively) and can be easily applied without high demands on instrumentation. As a practical application, the determination of these antioxidants contained in commercial chewing gum samples was carried out by applying a simple extraction procedure.

• Klíčová slova
• Antioxidants, Flow injection analysis, Glassy carbon electrode, Multiple-pulse amperometry,
• MeSH
• butylhydroxyanisol analýza   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• elektrochemie přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• hydrochinony analýza   MeSH
• propylgalan analýza   MeSH
• průtoková injekční analýza * MeSH
• žvýkačka analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-tert-butylhydroquinone MeSH Prohlížeč
• butylhydroxyanisol MeSH
• hydrochinony MeSH
• propylgalan MeSH
• žvýkačka MeSH