Progesterone is a steroid hormone traditionally linked with female fertility and pregnancy. In current reproductive medicine, progesterone and its analogues play crucial roles. While the discovery of its effects has a long history, over recent decades, various novel actions of this interesting steroid have been documented, of which its neuro- and immunoprotective activities are the most widely discussed. Discoveries of the novel biological activities of progesterone have also driven research and development in the field of progesterone analogues used in human medicine. Progestogen treatment has traditionally and predominately been used in maintaining pregnancy, the prevention of preterm labor, various gynecological pathologies, and in lowering the negative effects of menopause. However, there are also various other medical fields where progesterone and its analogues could find application in the future. The aim of this work is to show the mechanisms of action of progesterone and its metabolites, the physiological and pharmacological actions of progesterone and its synthetic analogues in human medicine, as well as the impacts of its production and use on the environment.

• Klíčová slova
• CNS disorder, endocrine disruption, gynecology, menopause, miscarriage, neurosteroid, pregnancy, preterm birth, progestagen, progesterone, progestin, progestogen,
• MeSH
• hormony MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• progesteron * farmakologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• progestiny * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hormony MeSH
• progesteron * MeSH
• progestiny * MeSH

The effects of 8-days treatment with 17alpha-estradiol (33.3 microg/kg) and progesterone (1.7 mg/kg) on plasma lipids and fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids were examined in intact (INT) and bilaterally common carotid arteries occluded (BCO) male Wistar rats. Significant decrease of triglyceride level was found in BCO rats after the estradiol treatment. Both hormones elevated proportion of 18:1n-7 fatty acid in INT, but they failed to have such an effect in BCO. Estradiol increased 22:5n-3 and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in intact, and decreased 18:2n-6 in BCO rats. Significantly lower level of total n-3 was found in progesterone-treated than in estradiol-treated BCO rats. Given that n-3 PUFA have many beneficial effects on cell and tissue function, while n-6 PUFA have mostly the opposite effects, estradiol, rather than progesterone, was seen to improve plasma lipids and phospholipids FA profiles in INT and BCO animals. Estradiol significantly elevated the estimated activity of delta9-desaturases and progesterone of delta5-desaturase in BCO group, with no effects in INT rats.

• MeSH
• estrogeny fyziologie   MeSH
• fosfolipidy krev   chemie   MeSH
• ischemie mozku krev   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• progesteron fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estrogeny MeSH
• fosfolipidy MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• progesteron MeSH

The initiation of human parturition is not fully understood to date. The data from animal experiments demonstrate that the primary impulse for the initiation of physiological labor arises from the fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). HPA is responsible for the stimulation of steroid synthesis and prostaglandin production and, in turn, the cervical dilation and the beginning of myometrial contractions. Animal experiments, however, are only partly suitable for understanding the mechanism of human labor due to substantial species-specificity. In human, the changing levels of placental CRH control the production of fetal and placental steroids. The fundamental pathogenic manifestation of spontaneous preterm labor is inflammation and similar processes also underlie the full term one. While in full term labor it is not yet precisely known what starts this process, in the preterm one, several factors have been discussed like infection, uteroplacental ischemia, and hormonal abnormalities (progesterone- or CRH-related). Inflammatory processes affect both the mother and the fetus. Fetal inflammatory response (FIRS), which can be expected for children born preterm, is frequently associated with long-term complications, in particular neurological and pulmonary. Research in this field is therefore aimed at predicting preterm labor, and on predicting the fetal inflammatory response. The role of progesterone and its receptors in the pathophysiology of preterm labor are likewise intensively studied. Clinical results on the use of additive doses of progesterone in secondary prevention of preterm labor and current experimental studies point to progesterone and its receptors playing a key role in the pathophysiology of preterm labor. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Pregnancy and Steroids'.

• Klíčová slova
• CRH, Human, Inflammation, Preterm birth, Progesterone,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mediátory zánětu fyziologie   MeSH
• předčasná porodní činnost imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• progesteron fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zánět metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mediátory zánětu MeSH
• progesteron MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Review of the physiological role of neuroactive and neuroprotective steroids in human pregnancy. DESIGN: A review article. SETTING: Gynecological-Obstetrical Clinic, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University and General Hospital, Prague. CONCLUSION: Human parturition is a multi-factorial process. Various mechanisms related to the onset of labor were suggested. Estrogens show accelerating increase in late pregnancy, which probably reflect the increasing activity of fetal zone of the fetal adrenal. This zone is stimulated by progressive increase of placental CRH resulting in excessive production of conjugated 3beta-hydroxy-5-en-steroids, which are transported by circulation to placenta and further metabolized to active hormones. Some progesterone metabolites probably participate in pregnancy sustaining via modulation of ligand-gated ion channels in the CNS and periphery. In this review, the question was addressed whether the catabolism of pregnancy sustaining progesterone metabolites accelerate like the estrogen formation.

• MeSH
• estrogeny fyziologie   MeSH
• hormon uvolňující kortikotropin fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• porodní děj fyziologie   MeSH
• progesteron analogy a deriváty   fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estrogeny MeSH
• hormon uvolňující kortikotropin MeSH
• progesteron MeSH

• MeSH
• afekt * MeSH
• duševní poruchy patofyziologie   MeSH
• estrogeny fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• progesteron fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estrogeny MeSH
• progesteron MeSH

• MeSH
• estrogeny fyziologie   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• glukózový toleranční test MeSH
• hydrokortison fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• progesteron fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství metabolismus   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estrogeny MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• hydrokortison MeSH
• progesteron MeSH

The aim of the study was to test if it is possible to induce complete copulatory behavior in castrated Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) of both sexes for the purpose of other experiments. Two groups of castrated, sexually experienced Arctic foxes, four pairs in Experiment 1 (a pilot study) and eight pairs in Experiment 2, were treated with different regimes of hormone (estrogens and progesterone in females, testosterone in males). The animals were than tested for copulatory behavior. Nine out of 12 castrated bitches and 10 out of 12 castrated males displayed copulatory behavior during the season of reproductive quiescence for intact Arctic foxes. All the treatments induced complete copulatory behavior (i.e., copulation leading to locking) at least in some animals of both sexes. Examination of results for individual animals suggested that copulatory performance was influenced by preference for specific partners. Also the occurrence of copulation in an early test facilitated its reoccurrence on a later test in the same day with a different partner.

• MeSH
• estradiol fyziologie   MeSH
• estrus fyziologie   MeSH
• kopulace fyziologie   MeSH
• lišky fyziologie   MeSH
• orchiektomie MeSH
• ovarektomie MeSH
• pohlavní steroidní hormony fyziologie   MeSH
• progesteron fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• testosteron fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estradiol MeSH
• pohlavní steroidní hormony MeSH
• progesteron MeSH
• testosteron MeSH

• MeSH
• estrogeny fyziologie   MeSH
• estrus MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myometrium metabolismus   MeSH
• ovce MeSH
• oxytocin fyziologie   MeSH
• porodní děj * MeSH
• progesteron fyziologie   MeSH
• prostaglandiny fyziologie   MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu analýza   fyziologie   MeSH
• receptory oxytocinu MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• uterus fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estrogeny MeSH
• oxytocin MeSH
• progesteron MeSH
• prostaglandiny MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu MeSH
• receptory oxytocinu MeSH

• MeSH
• estrogeny fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• progesteron fyziologie   MeSH
• svalová kontrakce MeSH
• svaly anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• transport spermií MeSH
• transport vajíčka MeSH
• vejcovody anatomie a histologie   cytologie   účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estrogeny MeSH
• progesteron MeSH