The advent and dominance of social media in our daily lives is not a matter of discussion, and very few minimalistic individuals have tried to decrease this technological dependency, which can become toxic and noxious for the development of an autonomous personality and free thinking. Academic faculties claim a depauperation in terms of their freedom but are also not free from duties, responsibilities, and obligations. Here, duties, responsibilities, obligations, and freedom are addressed in historical terms as the university as an institution developed over the centuries after its founding in the 11th century is currently under attack. We premonish that these concepts must still be reiterated and divulgated to students and fellows in academia. Galilei's "Eppur si muove" ("and yet it moves") are the words pronounced by the Italian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Galileo Galilei that should resonate in censorship bodies now and in the future.

• Klíčová slova
• academic freedom boundaries, obligations, responsibilities,
• MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• svoboda * MeSH
• univerzity dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH

In this article it will be concluded that systematic menstrual tracking in women's sport has the potential to cause harm to athletes. Since the ruling of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022) in the United States, concerns regarding menstrual health tracking have arisen. Research suggests that the menstrual tracking of female athletes presents potential risks to "women's autonomy, privacy, and safety in sport" (Casto 2022, 1725). At present, the repercussions of systematic menstrual tracking are particularly under-scrutinized, and this paper seeks to combine novel research in the sport sciences with present ethical debates in the philosophy of sports. Utilizing Beauvoir's feminist philosophy (2011), this paper argues that systematic menstrual tracking may contribute to the wider system of women's oppression by exploiting female athletes, as well as enabling the internalization of submissive behaviour in cultures where athletes are expected to comply unquestioningly. Five policy recommendations are made concerning autonomy, informed consent, education, safeguarding and data access. The overall findings of this paper propose that a more in-depth understanding of the links between data, privacy, and the menstrual cycle are required by sports organizations and governing bodies if athletes are to be protected in a future where systematic menstrual tracking is inevitable.

• Klíčová slova
• Athlete Health, Autonomy, Bioethics, Data, Menstruation, Privacy, Sport,
• MeSH
• feminismus MeSH
• informovaný souhlas pacienta * etika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• menstruace * MeSH
• menstruační cyklus MeSH
• osobní autonomie * MeSH
• soukromí * MeSH
• sportovci * MeSH
• sporty * etika   MeSH
• zdraví žen MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

Background To evaluate long-term outcome of tetralogy of Fallot repair analyzing an unbiased country-wide surgically treated population with tetralogy of Fallot. Methods and Results Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients aged <18 years who underwent tetralogy of Fallot repair at a single nationwide pediatric cardiac center. Death from any cause and need for surgical or catheter reintervention were the study end points. Cox regression analysis was used to identify related risk factors. A total of 917 patients (male, 56.3%) were analyzed. Staged repair was performed in 16.9%. Early mortality (24/917, 2.62% patients) was confined to the early surgical eras. Late mortality was 4.5% (40/893 patients). Survival probability was 95.1%, 93.8% and 91.9% at 10, 20 and 30 years after repair, respectively. Early surgical era (P=0.013) and surgical/catheter reinterventions (P<0.001) were multivariable predictors of late death. A total of 487 reinterventions were performed after initial repair in 253/917 patients (27.6%), with pulmonary artery revalvulation (196/917 patients, 21.4%) being most frequent. Probability of freedom from first reintervention was 89.0%, 73.3%, and 55.1% at 10, 20, and 30 years after primary repair, respectively. Transannular repair was associated with the need for pulmonary artery revalvulation (P<0.001). Patients who underwent staged repair were more likely to need reinterventions on pulmonary arteries (P<0.001). Conclusions In an unbiased nationwide cohort, tetralogy of Fallot repair carried a favorable survival of >90% at 30 years. Each reintervention significantly incrementally increased the risk of mortality. Type of initial repair predicted the need for specific surgical or catheter reinterventions.

• Klíčová slova
• outcome, pulmonary valve replacement, surgical repair, tetralogy of Fallot,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• Fallotova tetralogie * chirurgie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• plicní chlopeň * chirurgie   MeSH
• reoperace MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• svoboda MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Ashley's response to our recent paper argues that a fuller appreciation of the available clinical data, of the rights of children to autonomy, and of the primary purpose of gender-affirming endocrine treatment supports the rejection of both the pathway and consent dilemmas for the treatment of gender dysphoria, as raised in this journal. In this response, we highlight certain misrepresentations of our argument, and defend our conclusions against Ashley's main objections.

• Klíčová slova
• decision making, ethics, gender identity,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gender dysphoria * terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobní autonomie * MeSH
• postupy změny pohlaví * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• komentáře MeSH

The sudden switch to distance education to contain the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered adolescents' lives around the globe. The present research aims to identify psychological characteristics that relate to adolescents' well-being in terms of positive emotion and intrinsic learning motivation, and key characteristics of their learning behavior in a situation of unplanned, involuntary distance education. Following Self-Determination Theory, experienced competence, autonomy, and relatedness were assumed to relate to active learning behavior (i.e., engagement and persistence), and negatively relate to passive learning behavior (i.e., procrastination), mediated via positive emotion and intrinsic learning motivation. Data were collected via online questionnaires in altogether eight countries from Europe, Asia, and North America (N = 25,305) and comparable results across countries were expected. Experienced competence was consistently found to relate to positive emotion and intrinsic learning motivation, and, in turn, active learning behavior in terms of engagement and persistence. The study results further highlight the role of perceived relatedness for positive emotion. The high proportions of explained variance speak in favor of taking these central results into account when designing distance education in times of COVID-19.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 psychologie   MeSH
• distanční studium metody   trendy   MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• motivace MeSH
• osobní autonomie MeSH
• osobní uspokojení MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 patogenita   MeSH
• učení MeSH
• zdraví dospívajících statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH

The purpose of this study was to examine whether conditions that provide performers with a sense of autonomy, by giving them choices, would increase movement efficiency. We evaluated neuromuscular activation as a function of choice, using surface electromyography (EMG), during isometric force production. Participants (N = 16) were asked to perform plantar flexions at each of three target torques (80%, 50%, 20% of maximum voluntary contractions) under both choice and control conditions. In the choice condition, they were able to choose the order of target torques, whereas the order was pre-determined in the control condition. Results demonstrated that while similar torques were produced under both conditions, EMG activity was lower in the choice relative to the control condition. Thus, providing performers with a choice led to reduced neuromuscular activity, or an increase in movement efficiency. This finding is in line with the notion that autonomy support readies the motor system for task execution by contributing to the coupling of goals and actions (Wulf and Lewthwaite, Psychon Bull Rev 23:1382-1414, 2016).

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• isometrická kontrakce fyziologie   MeSH
• kosterní svaly fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• osobní autonomie * MeSH
• pohyb fyziologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• svalová síla fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) is a widely used instrument that assesses motivational processes within sport and exercise environments. The scale has demonstrated validity and reliability in multiple cultures, however, there is yet no empirical evidence regarding its psychometric properties in the Czech population. In this study we therefore set out to examine the reliability and construct validity of the SMS in a sample of Czech university-aged athletes. We first examined the SMS factor structure using a nonparametric item response theory model (Mokken monotone homogeneity model) and identified six items violating the unidimensionality of the particular subscales. Remaining items were then subjected to test of hypothesized seven-factor structure and several different forms of measurement invariance examined based on gender, competition level and type of sport (individual vs team sports). The hypothesized seven-factor fit well and there was sufficient evidence supporting full invariance across the examined groups. All SMS subscales had adequate internal consistencies ranging from 0.66 to 0.89. Results of correlational analysis among the SMS subscales and between the SMS and two outcomes of interest further supported validity of the scale. Observed differences in SMS subscales between males and females, recreational and competitive athletes, as well as between individual and team-based sport activities, comported with prior empirical studies using a self-determination theory framework. In conclusion, results reinforce the utility and performance of the SMS in a sample of Czech university athletes. The SMS may therefore be recommended for measurement of the multidimensional motivational processes taking place in the exercise and sport domain.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motivace * MeSH
• osobní autonomie * MeSH
• psychometrie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• sportovci psychologie   MeSH
• sporty psychologie   MeSH
• univerzity MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

CONTEXT: The predominating definition of autonomy as a capacity to make an independent rational choice may not be suitable for patients in palliative care. Therefrom arises the actual need for more contextualized perspectives on autonomy to promote the quality of life and satisfaction with care of terminally ill patients. OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to develop a theoretical structural model of autonomy at the end of life based on patients' end-of-life care preferences. METHODS: In this review, we used systematic strategy to integrate and synthesize findings from both qualitative and quantitative studies investigating patients' view on what is important at the end of life and which factors are related to autonomy. A systematic search of EMBASE (OVID), MEDLINE (OVID), Academic Search Complete (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO), and PsycINFO (EBSCO) was conducted for studies published between 1990 and December 2015 providing primary data from patients with advanced disease. RESULTS: Of the 5540 articles surveyed, 19 qualitative and eight quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria. We identified two core structural domains of autonomy: 1) being normal and 2) taking charge. By analyzing these domains, we described eight and 13 elements, respectively, which map the conceptual structure of autonomy within this population of patients. CONCLUSION: The review shows that maintaining autonomy at the end of life is not only a concern of making choices and decisions about treatment and care but that emphasis should be also put on supporting the patients' engagement in daily activities, in contributing to others, and in active preparation for dying.

• Klíčová slova
• Autonomy, end of life, palliative care, patient preference, quality of life, terminally ill,
• MeSH
• kvalita života * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobní autonomie * MeSH
• pacientova volba * MeSH
• paliativní péče * MeSH
• péče o umírající * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

In this paper I present the strongest argument, in my opinion, in favour of moral admissibility of euthanasia. In the introduction I briefly mention two important arguments in support of euthanasia - out of respect for autonomy and as a last act of grace, however I refuse them as insufficient. I propose a definition of both forms of assisted death: euthanasia and assisted suicide. I present the basic ideas underlying the theory of the good life and deal with hedonism in greater depth. I define a deprivation concept of the badness of death and, employing hedonism, I specifically describe when death is bad and when it is good. Next I present consequentialism and utilitarianism and show how it is possible to proceed from the reflections on the good life and badness of death toward the concrete normative conclusions about euthanasia. In conclusion I extend my reflections also to other theories of the good life, such as preferentialism or the theory of objective desire and the objective pluralistic theory. The paper arrives at the defense of the thesis that there exist situations in medical practice in which euthanasia presents a morally acceptable choice. Key words: concept of badness of death - consequentialism - deprivation - desire-fulfilment theory - euthanasia - hedonism - preferentialism - utilitarianism.

• MeSH
• etická teorie MeSH
• eutanazie * etika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mravy MeSH
• osobní autonomie MeSH
• spoluúčast při sebevraždě * etika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This text is based on an analysis of 20 biographical interviews with women who are both retired and have been widowed. The text discusses women's attitudes toward beginning new intimate relationships and the kinds of partnerships some of them have formed in old age. The author discusses the role of gender and gendered behavior in the institution of marriage as an important factor influencing women's attitudes toward remarrying. The experience of being widowed is an important transition that, besides trauma and difficulties, also presents an opportunity to escape from the previous gender norms and expectations. The significance of these changes, which often open up opportunities for alternative forms of self-fulfillment, become part of the strategies that women select when entering future partnership arrangements.

• Klíčová slova
• Gender, intimate relations, old age, remarriage, widowhood,
• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manželství psychologie   MeSH
• moc (psychologie) MeSH
• osobní autonomie * MeSH
• sociální percepce * MeSH
• sociální přizpůsobení * MeSH
• vdovský stav psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH