Coexistence of humans with microorganisms is well known for a long time. Besides the association with infectious diseases, personal microbiota is important for human health, possibly for some non-infectious diseases. Colonization of the human body with appropriate microorganisms after delivery is essential for physiological immune system maturation and also has an influence on central nervous system development. The composition of the gut microbiota is affected by the mode of delivery, early life nutrition and last but not least by lifestyle and drug, especially antibiotics intake. A comparison of gut microbiomes between individuals living in different parts of the world showed a cardinal variation in its composition and basic enterotypes were defined. Interestingly, it has been found out that the different microbiota species composition covers the same, respectively similar metabolic pathways. It is suggested that gut microbiota composition and its dysbiosis may influence civilization diseases development, e. g. diabetes mellitus, obesity, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, and autoimmune diseases.Key words: gut microbiota microbiome health immune system dysbiosis.
- MeSH
- alergie mikrobiologie MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci mikrobiologie MeSH
- bronchiální astma mikrobiologie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus mikrobiologie MeSH
- dysbióza * MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obezita mikrobiologie MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The interleukin 17 (IL-17) cytokine and receptor family is central to antimicrobial resistance and inflammation in the lung. Mice lacking IL-17A, IL-17F, or the IL-17RA subunit were compared with wild-type mice for susceptibility to airway inflammation in models of infection and allergy. Signaling through IL-17RA was required for efficient microbial clearance and prevention of allergy; in the absence of IL-17RA, signaling through IL-17RC on epithelial cells, predominantly by IL-17F, significantly exacerbated lower airway Aspergillus or Pseudomonas infection and allergic airway inflammation. In contrast, following infection with the upper respiratory pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, the IL-17F/IL-17RC axis mediated protection. Thus, IL-17A and IL-17F exert distinct biological effects during pulmonary infection; the IL-17F/IL-17RC signaling axis has the potential to significantly worsen pathogen-associated inflammation of the lower respiratory tract in particular, and should be investigated further as a therapeutic target for treating pathological inflammation in the lung.
- Klíčová slova
- ABPA, IL-17F/IL-17RC axis, Th17 immunity, allergy, respiratory infections,
- MeSH
- alergie genetika imunologie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- Aspergillus imunologie MeSH
- aspergilóza genetika imunologie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- epitelové buňky imunologie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- interleukin-17 nedostatek genetika imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši knockoutované MeSH
- myši MeSH
- náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
- plíce imunologie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- protein - isoformy nedostatek genetika imunologie MeSH
- pseudomonádové infekce genetika imunologie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- Pseudomonas imunologie MeSH
- receptory interleukinu-17 nedostatek genetika imunologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- respirační sliznice imunologie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce genetika imunologie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Il17ra protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
- interleukin-17 MeSH
- protein - isoformy MeSH
- receptory interleukinu-17 MeSH
Health affecting, loss-inducing or otherwise harmful fungal pathogens (molds) pose a serious challenge in many areas of human activities. On the contrary, frequent use of synthetic fungicides is undesirable in some cases and may be equally problematic. Moreover, the ever more increasing fungal resistance against commercial synthetic fungicides justifies development of rising efforts to seek new effective, while environmentally friendly alternatives. Botanical fungicides based on Essential oils (EOs) undoubtedly provide such an alternative. The study explores the efficacy of 20 EOs against Alternaria alternata, Stachybotrys chartarum, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Aspergillus niger, related to abundance of majority active substances. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC100 and MIC50) was evaluated. GC-MS analysis revealed high abundance of highly effective phenolic compounds whose different molecular structures correlates with differences in EOs efficacy. The efficacy of some EOs, observed in our study, can be similar to the levels of some synthetic fungicides used in medicine and agriculture e.g. sometimes problematic azole-based formulations. Thanks to the EOs environmental safety and natural origin, they offer the potential to become an alternative where the use of synthetic fungicides is impossible for various reasons.
- Klíčová slova
- Allergen, Antifungal efficacy, Botanical fungicides, Essential oil, Indoor fungi, Phenolic compounds,
- MeSH
- alergie mikrobiologie MeSH
- antifungální látky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mikrobiologie vzduchu * MeSH
- mitosporické houby účinky léků MeSH
- oleje prchavé chemie farmakologie MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antifungální látky MeSH
- oleje prchavé MeSH
The prevalence of chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, or rheumatic diseases, is steadily increasing in developed countries. This increase is probably accelerated by environmental factors, such as decrease in infectious burden or changes in food processing. These lifestyle changes then strongly influence the strongest stimulus for the immune system - commensal microbiota. Despite the differences in the affected organ, the immune-mediated diseases have one or more factors in common - microbe either as a trigger or as a protector, mucosal barrier dysfunction, and dysregulation of the immune system. The core questions, which microbes are involved and how these diseases can be cured or even prevented still remain unsolved. Powered by the recent progress in technology, by new insights into the function of immune system, by advances in microbiome research, and extended use of gnotobiological techniques, these mechanisms are now being unravelled and new therapeutic possibilities are emerging. To secure their niche, the microbes devised many ingenious ways, how to dampen the inflammation. Nonpathogenic microorganisms or microbial components isolated from probiotic, commensal or even pathogenic microbes could be, therefore, used to interfere with the pathogenetic mechanisms of immune-mediated diseases.
- MeSH
- alergie mikrobiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci mikrobiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- celiakie mikrobiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty mikrobiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metagenom * MeSH
- nemoci parodontu mikrobiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- probiotika metabolismus MeSH
- střevní sliznice mikrobiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Twenty-eight exclusively breast-fed healthy infants and 16 infants also exclusively breast-fed with allergic colitis (aged 85 +/- 60 and 98 +/- 58 d, respectively) were screened for differences in fecal flora. Bifidobacteria were detected in 23 healthy infants and only in 4 fecal samples of infants with allergic colitis. All bifidobacteria-free infants possessed Gram-positive regular rods as a major group of their fecal flora. These bacteria were identified as clostridia using genus-specific FISH probe. Infants with allergy colitis possessed significantly lower counts of bifidobacteria and total anaerobes and significantly higher counts of clostridia in their feces. In healthy infants, Bifidobacterium longum was the most frequently found species (54.5% of the samples), followed by B. adolescentis (20.0), B. breve (18.2), B. bifidum (16.4), B. dentium (10.9) and B. pseudocatenulatum (1.80). Bifidobacterial isolates from two babies with allergic colitis were identified as B. longum, one child from patients group contained species B. dentium and one baby B. adolescentis. Our results suggest that there are significantly lower counts of bifidobacteria in infants with allergic colitis than in healthy infants.
- MeSH
- alergie mikrobiologie MeSH
- anaerobní bakterie klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Bifidobacterium klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- grampozitivní bakterie klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kojení MeSH
- kolitida mikrobiologie MeSH
- kultivační média MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- střeva mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kultivační média MeSH
From the beginning of life, human immune system is affected by interactions with different microorganisms. Immediately after the birth bacteria colonize mucous tissues and namely the gastrointestinal tract, which was antenatally sterile. Bacteria are involved in allergic inflammation by two different ways. They can either initiate the allergic response or they can diminish it. To the negative factors, which can trigger the allergic response belong superantigens, namely the bacterial enterotoxins. Positive factors include mycobacterial antigens, intestinal microflora, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and CpG motives that belong to components of the bacterial genome DNA. The effect of lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria on the development of allergic inflammation is two faced. Lipopolysaccharide has a protective role when the infection precedes the contact with allergen for a long time. Short period between the infection and allergen exposition leads in a sensitized person to the provocation of allergic disease. These and other factors are important in relation to the so-called hygiene hypothesis where the T regulatory lymphocytes seem to play the key role in the balance between Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes.
- MeSH
- alergie imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Bacteria imunologie MeSH
- buněčná imunita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mediátory zánětu metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mediátory zánětu MeSH
- MeSH
- alergie mikrobiologie MeSH
- hemaglutinační testy MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata * MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci etiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- klíšťata * MeSH
- koronární nemoc etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- myokarditida etiologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nemoci cév etiologie MeSH
- perikarditida etiologie MeSH
- Rickettsia izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Rickettsiaceae izolace a purifikace MeSH
- rickettsiové infekce komplikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
