BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. FINDINGS: 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62 837 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0·32 [95% CI 0·27-0·37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0·18 [0·14-0·23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. INTERPRETATION: The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust (UK), Robert Koch Institute (Germany), Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), Pfizer, Merck, Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Ireland), SpID-Net project (Ireland), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (European Union), Horizon 2020 (European Commission), Ministry of Health (Poland), National Programme of Antibiotic Protection (Poland), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Agencia de Salut Pública de Catalunya (Spain), Sant Joan de Deu Foundation (Spain), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden), Swedish Research Council (Sweden), Region Stockholm (Sweden), Federal Office of Public Health of Switzerland (Switzerland), and French Public Health Agency (France).

• MeSH
• analýza přerušované časové série MeSH
• bakteriální infekce epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Haemophilus influenzae MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• infekce dýchací soustavy epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• Streptococcus agalactiae MeSH
• Streptococcus pneumoniae MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví - praxe MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Biofilm formation (BF) and production in the food processing industry (FPI) is a continual threat to food safety and quality. Various bacterial pathogens possess the ability to adhere and produce biofilms on stainless steel (SS) in the FPI due to flagella, curli, pili, fimbrial adhesins, extra polymeric substances, and surface proteins. The facilitating environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, variations in climatic conditions), SS properties (surface energy, hydrophobicity, surface roughness, topography), type of raw food materials, pre-processing, and processing conditions play a significant role in the enhancement of bacterial adhesion and favorable condition for BF. Furthermore, biofilm formers can tolerate different sanitizers and cleaning agents due to the constituents, concentration, contact time, bacterial cluster distribution, and composition of bacteria within the biofilm. Also, bacterial biofilms' ability to produce various endotoxins and exotoxins when consumed cause food infections and intoxications with serious health implications. It is thus crucial to understand BF's repercussions and develop effective interventions against these phenomena that make persistent pathogens difficult to remove in the food processing environment.

• Klíčová slova
• Biofilm formation, Food processing industry, Health implications, Sanitizers, Stainless steel,
• MeSH
• bakteriální adheze MeSH
• bakteriální infekce prevence a kontrola   přenos   MeSH
• biofilmy * růst a vývoj   MeSH
• dezinfekce MeSH
• fyziologie bakterií * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manipulace s potravinami * přístrojové vybavení   normy   MeSH
• nerezavějící ocel * MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nerezavějící ocel * MeSH

Despite considerable advances in drinking water safety assurance and adherence to the public health standards, waterborne diaseases outbreaks have still been observed even in industrialized countries. The study objective was to map such outbreaks in the Czech Republic in 1995-2005. In this study, an outbreak is the occurrence of more cases of disease than normally expected within a specific place over a given period of time and a waterborne disease is a disease where water is the vehicle or source of infection. The data on waterborne outbreaks was obtained from the EPIDAT database (national infectious diseases reporting system) information provided by epidemiologists of all regional public health authorities and the National Reference Laboratory for Legionella. In 1995 - 2005, 33 outbreaks with water indicated as the route of transmission were recorded in the Czech Republic. The leading cause was unsafe drinking water (27 outbreaks), mainly from wells (19 outbreaks); nevertheless, the most serious consequences were observed in two outbreaks caused by microbiologically contaminated hot water. Other sources of waterborne infection were mineral water springs, a swimming pool and a brook. The total of reported cases of waterborne diseases was 1655, 356 hospitalisations and ten deaths due to legionellosis were recorded. The highest number of outbreaks (7) as well as the highest number of cases (841) were reported in 1997. Comparison of two five-year periods, i.e. 1996-2000 and 2001-2005, showed a nearly one third decrease in the total of outbreaks and a half reduction in the total of cases in the latter. In view of the limited length of monitoring, it is not possible to say with certainty whether it is a random distribution or an actual trend. Almost two thirds of cases were diagnosed as acute gastroenteritis of probable infectious origin and other frequent waterborne diseases were viral hepatitis A and bacillary dysentery. When analyzing the described outbreaks, it should be taken into account that only the diagnosed and reported outbreak cases are covered, while the actual number of cases is likely to be underreported. Although no evidence is available that any vast and serious waterborne diseases outbreaks escaped reporting, some small and less serious outbreaks may have occurred unnoticed. In the future, the diagnosis, investigation and evaluation of waterborne diseases outbreaks should be improved, among others by implementing an evidence-based classification system and issuing regular surveys of outbreaks and their causes which would be helpful in preventing failures in other similar water sources.

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
• hepatitida E epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
• veřejná zařízení MeSH
• zásobování vodou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Despite the increasing level of food hygiene in the Czech Republic and other European Union member states, agents causing diseases transmitted from animals to human remain a serious problem in both human and veterinary medicine of the 21st century. The article is concerned with selected bacterial foodborne zoonoses in the Czech Republic and EU member states, including antibiotic resistance of the pathogens. Some preliminary results on the prevalence of pathogens in the human food chain in the Czech region of Moravia in 2007-2008 are presented.

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce přenos   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci přenášené potravou mikrobiologie   MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• zoonózy přenos   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The potential for transport and dissemination of certain pathogenic microorganisms by migratory birds is of concern. Migratory birds might be involved in dispersal of microorganisms as their biological carriers, mechanical carriers, or as carriers of infected hematophagous ecto-parasites (e.g., ixodid ticks). Many species of microorganisms pathogenic to homeothermic vertebrates including humans have been associated with free-living migratory birds. Migratory birds of diverse species can play significant roles in the ecology and circulation of some arboviruses (e.g., eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis and Sindbis alphaviruses, West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis flaviviruses), influenza A virus, Newcastle disease virus, duck plague herpes-virus, Chlamydophila psittaci, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycobacterium avium, Candida spp., and avian hematozoans. The efficiency of dispersal of pathogenic microorganisms depends on a wide variety of biotic and abiotic factors affecting the survival of the agent in, or disappearance from, a habitat or ecosystem in a new geographic area.

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce přenos   veterinární   MeSH
• divoká zvířata * mikrobiologie   parazitologie   virologie   MeSH
• migrace zvířat * MeSH
• nemoci ptáků přenos   MeSH
• parazitární nemoci u zvířat přenos   MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• virové nemoci přenos   veterinární   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

As the appearance and spread of antibiotic resistance is becoming an increasingly serious public health problem, there is a definite need for further studies by simulation, experiment and observation. Mathematical models may provide very useful tools to develop a rationale to extend the effective life of existing and newly introduced antimicrobial agents. In this work we systematically reviewed a number of mathematical models recently presented in the literature, in order to provide a brief and informative tool for public health policy makers, regarding the spread of antibiotic resistance, worldwide.

• MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   genetika   patogenita   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce farmakoterapie   přenos   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * genetika   MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• kontrola infekce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matematické výpočty počítačové MeSH
• organizační politika MeSH
• spotřeba léčiv * MeSH
• superinfekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce etiologie   přenos   MeSH
• homologní transplantace škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• transplantace ledvin * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Various interrelations of mammals with some bacterial pathogens are analyzed. Plaque and tularemia are the most thoroughly investigated infectious diseases in this respect. The importance of a different degree of susceptibility and sensitivity to infection for its development in mammalian reservoirs is underlined.

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce imunologie   přenos   MeSH
• buněčná imunita MeSH
• imunita * MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Listeria monocytogenes patogenita   MeSH
• listeriové infekce mortalita   MeSH
• mor mortalita   MeSH
• Pasteurella patogenita   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• savci imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• tularemie mortalita   MeSH
• tvorba protilátek MeSH
• virulence MeSH
• zdroje nemoci * MeSH
• zoonózy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce přenos   MeSH
• hlodavci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
• protozoální infekce přenos   MeSH
• savci * MeSH
• virové nemoci přenos   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci * MeSH
• zoonózy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce přenos   MeSH
• hmyz - vektory * MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli přenos   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pseudomonádové infekce přenos   MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce přenos   MeSH
• švábi * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH