BACKGROUND: Together with an increased interest in minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach to the lumbar spine goes a demand for detailed anatomical descriptions of the lumbar plexus. Although definitions of safe zones and essential descriptions of topographical anatomy have been presented in several studies, the existing literature expects standard appearance of the neural structures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the variability of the extrapsoas portion of the lumbar plexus in regard to the lateral transpsoas approach. METHODS: A total of 260 lumbar regions from embalmed cadavers were utilized in this study. The specimens were dissected as per protocol and all nerves from the lumbar plexus were morphologically evaluated. RESULTS: The most common variation of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves was fusion of these two nerves (9.6%). Nearly in the half of the cases (48.1%) the genitofemoral nerve left the psoas major muscle already divided into the femoral and genital branches. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was the least variable one as it resembled its normal morphology in 95.0% of cases. Regarding the variant origins of the femoral nerve, there was a low formation outside the psoas major muscle in 3.8% of cases. The obturator nerve was not variable at its emergence point but frequently branched (40.4%) before entering the obturator canal. In addition to the proper femoral and obturator nerves, accessory nerves were present in 12.3% and 9.2% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Nerves of the lumbar plexus frequently show atypical anatomy outside the psoas major muscle. The presented study provides a compendious information source of the possibly encountered neural variations during retroperitoneal access to different segments of the lumbar spine.
- Klíčová slova
- Femoral nerve, Genitofemoral nerve, Iliohypogastric nerve, Ilioinguinal nerve, Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, Lateral transpsoas approach, Lumbar plexus, Obturator nerve,
- MeSH
- bederní obratle * chirurgie anatomie a histologie MeSH
- bederní svaly * anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniinvazivní chirurgické výkony metody MeSH
- mrtvola * MeSH
- nervus femoralis anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- nervus obturatorius anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- plexus lumbosacralis * anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Vertebral measurements have been shown to provide accurate classification of sex. However, the use of vertebral discriminant functions (DFs) in forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology is limited due to the unknown degree of their population specificity. Additionally, the performance of vertebral DFs has not yet been assessed at higher posterior probability thresholds. In this study, we tested the performance of previously published DFs for sex classification from Th12 and L1 vertebrae within a range of 0.5-0.95 posterior probabilities in a model of geographically distant population based on an autopsy Central European (CE) sample (Czech Republic; n=72) from the 1930s. Further, we derived new pooled DFs from a sample representing ecogeographically diverse populations, new DFs derived from the autopsy CE sample, and new Medieval CE DFs derived from the Pohansko sample (n=129) and evaluated their performance at our testing autopsy CE sample. Most vertebral measurements showed population specificity in sex assessment. However, we identified two Th12 measurements (anteroposterior body diameter and mediolateral body diameter) usable for sex estimation across populations. We showed that the accuracy of vertebral DFs can be increased to 95% of correctly classified individuals in up to 64% of the studied sample by setting a higher posterior probability threshold. Finally, we showed that even the DFs derived from relatively small subsamples (30% of the population size) can provide accurate sex classification. This finding highlights the applicability of the hybrid approach in sex classification from vertebrae. To facilitate sex classification from vertebrae, we provide a software tool for sex classification from any vertebral measurement and reference samples tested in this study including the previously published DFs.
- Klíčová slova
- Central Europe, Discriminant function analysis, Forensic anthropology population data, Posterior probability, Sex classification, Sexual dimorphism,
- MeSH
- bederní obratle anatomie a histologie MeSH
- diskriminační analýza MeSH
- hrudní obratle anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- soudní antropologie MeSH
- určení pohlaví podle kostry metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The aim of this retrospective study of 330 rabbits (164 males, 166 females) was to determine different vertebral formulas and prevalence of congenital vertebral anomalies in rabbits from radiographs of the cervical (C), thoracic (Th), lumbar (L) and sacral (S) segments of the vertebral column. The number of vertebrae in each segment of vertebral column, position of anticlinal vertebra and localisation and type of congenital abnormalities were recorded. In 280/330 rabbits (84.8%) with normal vertebral morphology, seven vertebral formulas were identified: C7/Th12/L7/S4 (252/330, 76.4%), C7/Th12/L6/S4 (11/330, 3.3%), C7/Th13/L7/S4 (8/330, 2.4%), C7/Th12/L7/S5 (4/330, 1.2%), C7/Th12/L8/S4 (3/330, 0.9%), C7/Th12/L7/S6 (1/330, 0.3%) and C7/Th11/L7/S4 (1/330, 0.3%). The anticlinal vertebra was identified as Th10 in 56.4% of rabbits and Th11 in 42.4% of rabbits. Congenital spinal abnormalities were identified in 50/330 (15.2%) rabbits, predominantly as a single pathology (n=44). Transitional vertebrae represented the most common abnormalities (n=41 rabbits) in the thoracolumbar (n=35) and lumbosacral segments (n=6). Five variants of thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae were identified. Cervical butterfly vertebrae were detected in three rabbits. One rabbit exhibited three congenital vertebral anomalies: cervical block vertebra, thoracic hemivertebra and thoracolumbar transitional vertebra. Five rabbits exhibited congenital vertebral abnormalities with concurrent malalignment, specifically cervical kyphosis/short vertebra (n=1), thoracic lordoscoliosis/thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae (n=1), thoracic kyphoscoliosis/wedge vertebrae (n=2) and thoracolumbar lordoscoliosis/thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae/lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (n=1). These findings suggest that vertebral columns in rabbits display a wide range of morphologies, with occasional congenital malformations.
- Klíčová slova
- Congenital anomaly, Rabbit, Radiography, Spine, Transitional vertebra,
- MeSH
- bederní obratle abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- hrudní obratle abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- králíci * abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- krční obratle abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- křížová kost MeSH
- kyfóza diagnostické zobrazování veterinární MeSH
- rentgendiagnostika metody veterinární MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- skolióza diagnostické zobrazování veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci * abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Some data suggest that exposure to levetiracetam (LEV) might be associated with a risk for bone health in the model of orchidectomized rats. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is any significant risk of LEV for bone health in the model of gonadally intact animals. Wistar rats were divided into a control group and a test group, 8 rats in each group. The control rats received standard laboratory diet (SLD) while rats in the test group were fed SLD enriched with LEV for 12 weeks. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure BMD of the whole body, femur and lumbar vertebrae. The concentrations of bone markers were examined in bone homogenate. Both femurs and tibiae were used for biomechanical testing. We found in the LEV group significantly decreased absolute and relative values of adipose tissue, higher whole-body BMD, higher right tibia cortical thickness, and a significantly increased concentration of Bone Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP) and cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) compared with the control group. The results suggest that the long-term administration of LEV in the model of gonadally intact rats does not have a negative effect on bone. Significant increase in BMD and cortical thickness of the right tibia may indicate even a positive influence on the properties of bone. Further studies will be necessary in animals and humans to confirm these findings.
- Klíčová slova
- Antiepileptic drugs, Biomechanical properties, Bone markers, Bone mineral density, Levetiracetam,
- MeSH
- bederní obratle anatomie a histologie účinky léků metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- biomechanika účinky léků MeSH
- femur anatomie a histologie účinky léků metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- kostní denzita účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- levetiracetam MeSH
- piracetam analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost účinky léků MeSH
- velikost orgánu účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické markery MeSH
- levetiracetam MeSH
- piracetam MeSH
Vertebral column pathologies requiring surgical intervention have been described in pet ferrets, however little information is available on the normal vertebral formula and congenital variants in this species. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe vertebral formulas and prevalence of congenital vertebral anomalies in a sample of pet ferrets. Radiographs of 172 pet ferrets (96 males and 76 females) were included in this retrospective study. In 143 ferrets (83.14%), five different formulas of the vertebral column were recorded with normal morphology of vertebrae (rib attachment included) but with a variable number of thoracic (Th), lumbar (L), and sacral (S) vertebrae. The number of cervical (C) vertebrae was constant in all examined animals. Observed vertebral formulas were C7/Th14/L6/S3 (51.74%), C7/Th14/L6/S4 (22.10%), C7/Th14/L7/S3 (6.98%), C7/Th15/L6/S3 (1.74%), and C7/Th15/L6/S4 (0.58%). Formula C7/Th14/L6/S4 was significantly more common in males than in females (P < 0.05). Congenital spinal abnormalities were found in 29 ferrets (16.86%), mostly localized in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral regions. The cervical region was affected in only one case. Transitional vertebrae represented the most common congenital abnormalities (26 ferrets) in the thoracolumbar (13 ferrets) and lumbosacral regions (10 ferrets) or simultaneously in both regions (three ferrets). Other vertebral anomalies included block (two ferrets) and wedge vertebra (one ferret). Spina bifida was not detected. Findings from the current study indicated that vertebral formulas may vary in ferrets and congenital abnormalities are common. This should be taken into consideration for surgical planning.
- Klíčová slova
- Mustelidae, congenital anomaly, radiograph, spine, transitional vertebra,
- MeSH
- bederní obratle abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- fretky abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- hrudní obratle abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- krční obratle abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- křížová kost abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- páteř abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- žebra abnormality anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Apolipoprotein E (Apo E) genotypes have been associated with a number of involutional disorders. Recently some studies have examined whether the Apo E 4 allele might play a role in the pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, association analysis between Apo E genotypes, BMD, bone loss or fracture risk have not brought universal findings. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the relationship between the presence or absence of Apo E 4 allele and BMD in postmenopausal women of Caucasian origin. We studied 113 women, age 62.5 +/- 8.9 yr, who underwent measurement of hip and spine BMD by dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA, g/cm2). Apo E genotypes were assessed by PCR amplification and by restriction typing with Cfol enzyme. The Apo E allele frequencies in the study population were as follows: E2 0.084, E3 0.845, E4 0.071. Because the Apo E 4 allele was associated with osteoporosis in previous studies, the probands were dichotomized by the presence or absence of Apo E 4 allele. After adjustment for BMI and years since menopause BMD at the lumbar spine varied significantly by Apo E 4 status. Women with Apo E 4 allele had significantly lower BMD at the lumbar spine than women with no Apo E 4 allele (p<0.003, ANCOVA). In contrast, there were no significant differences in BMD at the hip comparing women with or without the Apo E 4 allele. To conclude, these data may support the importance of Apo E 4 allele in determining postmenopausal spine bone mass.
- MeSH
- absorpční fotometrie MeSH
- apolipoprotein E4 MeSH
- apolipoproteiny E genetika MeSH
- bederní obratle anatomie a histologie MeSH
- běloši genetika MeSH
- frekvence genu MeSH
- kostní denzita genetika MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osteokalcin krev MeSH
- postmenopauza krev genetika MeSH
- postmenopauzální osteoporóza genetika MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- vitamin K metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- apolipoprotein E4 MeSH
- apolipoproteiny E MeSH
- osteokalcin MeSH
- vitamin K MeSH
Based on a detailed analysis of X-ray pictures of the lumbo-sacral spine and experience assembled during epidural anaesthesia in 116 men, mean age 67 years, and 84 women, mean age 68 years, the authors describe in more detailed the formerly recommended method of a lateral lumbar approach. To make it as successful and as safe as possible it is essential during puncture to be aware of the typical resistance of the yellow ligament, frequently after previous contact with bone and to obtain the positive sign of the "hanging drop" after penetration of the ligament. If in exceptional instances in the depth the elastic resistance of the yellow ligament is lacking before the positive sign of the "hanging drop", it is better to perform the puncture of the epidural space in another intervertebral space. This practically rules out the false positive sign of the "hanging drop" in case of the possible presence of a tougher ligamentous septum in the paravertebral muscles in older patients. This rules out also the even rarer possible penetration of the needle to the dura mater, exactly in the middle of the yellow ligament through the opening for the blood vessel where are only individual elastic fibres, practically without resistance, with a positive "hanging drop".
- MeSH
- bederní obratle anatomie a histologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epidurální anestezie metody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- antropometrie MeSH
- bederní obratle anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- ledviny anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie * MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- bederní obratle anatomie a histologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hrudní obratle anatomie a histologie MeSH
- krční obratle anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ocas MeSH
- páteř anatomie a histologie MeSH
- savci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
