This article is the fourth and last part of a series aimed at extending and correcting the anatomical nomenclature. Because of the rapid development of internet and the use of electronic formats in communication in anatomy, embryology, histology, medical education, and clinical medicine, an appropriate, precise, and concise anatomical nomenclature is required. Such tool enables to avoid any potential confusion and possible scientific/medical mistakes. The up-to-date official anatomical terminology, Terminologia Anatomica, is available longer than 20 years and needs to be refined and extended. The authors have collected and listed 210 terms and completed them with definitions and/or explanations. We aimed to start a discussion about their potential incorporation into the new revised version of the Terminologia Anatomica. This article is primarily focused on the vessels of the human body (arteries, veins, and lymphatic system).

• MeSH
• anatomie * MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• terminologie jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

We performed micro-CT imaging of the vascular blood supply in the interscapular area of the brown adipose tissue in three mice with the use of intravascular contrast agent Aurovist™. Resulting 3D data rendering was then adapted into 2D resolution with visualization using false color system and grayscale images. These were then studied for the automatic quantification of the blood vessel density within this area. We found the highest most occurring density within arterioles or venules representing smaller blood vessels whereas with the increase of the vessel diameters a lower percentage rate of their presence was observed in the sample. Our study shows that micro-CT scanning in combination with Aurovist™ contrast is suitable for anatomical studies of interscapular area of brown adipose tissue blood vessel supply.

• MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• hnědá tuková tkáň anatomie a histologie   krevní zásobení   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• rentgenová mikrotomografie MeSH
• venuly anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Purpose: To investigate the effect of patient specific vessel cooling on head and neck hyperthermia treatment planning (HTP). Methods and materials: Twelve patients undergoing radiotherapy were scanned using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA). 3D patient models were constructed using the CT and MRI data. The arterial vessel tree was constructed from the MRA images using the 'graph-cut' method, combining information from Frangi vesselness filtering and region growing, and the results were validated against manually placed markers in/outside the vessels. Patient specific HTP was performed and the change in thermal distribution prediction caused by arterial cooling was evaluated by adding discrete vasculature (DIVA) modeling to the Pennes bioheat equation (PBHE). Results: Inclusion of arterial cooling showed a relevant impact, i.e., DIVA modeling predicts a decreased treatment quality by on average 0.19 °C (T90), 0.32 °C (T50) and 0.35 °C (T20) that is robust against variations in the inflow blood rate (|ΔT| < 0.01 °C). In three cases, where the major vessels transverse target volume, notable drops (|ΔT| > 0.5 °C) were observed. Conclusion: Addition of patient-specific DIVA into the thermal modeling can significantly change predicted treatment quality. In cases where clinically detectable vessels pass the heated region, we advise to perform DIVA modeling.

• Klíčová slova
• Hyperthermia, discrete vasculature, head and neck, hyperthermia treatment planning, thermal modelling,
• MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• nádory hlavy a krku krevní zásobení   diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   MeSH
• počítačem asistovaná terapie MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• počítačové modelování podle konkrétního pacienta * MeSH
• studie proveditelnosti MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In teaching and learning human anatomy, anatomical autopsy and prosected specimens have always been indispensable. However, alternative methods must often be used to demonstrate particularly delicate structures. Corrosion casting of porcine organs with Biodur E20® Plus is valuable for teaching and learning both gross anatomy and, uniquely, the micromorphology of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems. Assessments of casts with a stereomicroscope and/or scanning electron microscope as well as highlighting cast structures using color coding help students to better understand how the structures that they have observed as two-dimensional images actually exist in three dimensions, and students found using the casts to be highly effective in their learning. Reconstructions of cast hollow structures from (micro-)computed tomography scans and videos facilitate detailed analyses of branching patterns and spatial arrangements in cast structures, aid in the understanding of clinically relevant structures and provide innovative visual aids. The casting protocol and teaching manual we offer can be adjusted to different technical capabilities and might also be found useful for veterinary or other biological science classes.

• Klíčová slova
• Anatomy, Biodur E20(®) Plus, Corrosion casting, Microcomputed tomography, Pig,
• MeSH
• anatomické modely * MeSH
• anatomie výchova   MeSH
• audiovizuální pomůcky MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• korozní odlévání metody   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• postoj MeSH
• prasata anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• Sus scrofa anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• vyučování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The study involved histological and immunohistochemical examinations of the adrenal glands of healthy slaughtered cattle. Glands of 13 bulls, 10 heifers and 10 cows were examined. The following histological findings were observed: Unequal thickness of connective capsule and nodular formations of the zona glomerulosa (ZG), eosinophilic granules in cells of the ZG, globoid arrangement of the zona fasciculata, nodules or pegs of cortical tissue in the medulla, mutual interlacing of superficial and deep zones of the medulla, proliferation of cortical or medullary cells into the blood vessels wall situated in the medulla and focal inflammatory infiltrates. Cortical cells and noradrenalin-secreting (N) cells in the medulla expressed cytoplasmic positivity of S100 protein. Both adrenalin (A) cells and N cells were positive in synaptophysin. The majority of the cells in the cortex and in the medulla displayed were positive for chromogranin A. Electron microscopy showed structureless, electrondense particles of varying size and shape, mostly displaying the having mostly character of secretory granules.

• MeSH
• adrenalin metabolismus   MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• chromogranin A analýza   MeSH
• dřeň nadledvin anatomie a histologie   krevní zásobení   chemie   MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
• noradrenalin metabolismus   MeSH
• sekreční vezikuly MeSH
• skot anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• synaptofysin analýza   MeSH
• zona fasciculata anatomie a histologie   chemie   MeSH
• zona glomerulosa anatomie a histologie   chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• skot anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adrenalin MeSH
• chromogranin A MeSH
• noradrenalin MeSH
• synaptofysin MeSH

Quantification of microvessels in tumors is mostly based on counts of vessel profiles in tumor hot spots. Drawbacks of this method include low reproducibility and large interobserver variance, mainly as a result of individual differences in sampling of image fields for analysis. Our aim was to test an unbiased method for quantifying microvessels in healthy and tumorous lymph nodes of dogs. The endothelium of blood vessels was detected in paraffin sections by a combination of immunohistochemistry (von Willebrand factor) and lectin histochemistry (wheat germ agglutinin) in comparison with detection of basal laminae by laminin immunohistochemistry or silver impregnation. Systematic uniform random sampling of 50 image fields was performed during photo-documentation. An unbiased counting frame (area 113,600 microm(2)) was applied to each micrograph. The total area sampled from each node was 5.68 mm(2). Vessel profiles were counted according to stereological counting rules. Inter- and intraobserver variabilities were tested. The application of systematic uniform random sampling was compared with the counting of vessel profiles in hot spots. The unbiased estimate of the number of vessel profiles per unit area ranged from 100.5 +/- 44.0/mm(2) to 442.6 +/- 102.5/mm(2) in contrast to 264 +/- 72.2/mm(2) to 771.0 +/- 108.2/mm(2) in hot spots. The advantage of using systematic uniform random sampling is its reproducibility, with reasonable interobserver and low intraobserver variance. This method also allows for the possibility of using archival material, because staining quality is not limiting as it is for image analysis, and artifacts can easily be excluded. However, this method is comparatively time-consuming.

• MeSH
• barvení a značení MeSH
• biometrie metody   MeSH
• cévní endotel MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   patologie   MeSH
• imunohistochemie metody   MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny anatomie a histologie   patologie   MeSH
• nádory patologie   MeSH
• patologie metody   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH

The question is: What is angiology? It is the branch of medical science studying blood and lymph vessels and their disorders. With the development of techniques, diagnostic and therapeutic methods and with the increasing morbidity and mortality on vascular diseases angiology became in the last decades an important specialization of medicine.

• MeSH
• anatomie dějiny   MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• portréty MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prsní svaly krevní zásobení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• chirurgické laloky * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• reologie * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• sumci anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• systém hypotalamus-hypofýza krevní zásobení   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH