AIMS: To investigate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal Dexamethasone implant (DEX-I) therapy in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) refractory to intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective and cross-sectional study included 37 eyes of 37 patients who received 3 loading doses of IVB injections for DME with no response and underwent DEX-I implant. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements and central foveal thickness (CFT) measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were recorded and compared before DEX-I, at the first week, first, second, third and sixth months. Duration of DME, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, DME types and lens status (phakic, pseudophakic) were also recorded. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 61.14 ±8.69 years (59.5% male, 40.5% female). 35.1% of the patients had cystoid macular edema, 64.9% had diffuse macular edema and 73 % were phakic and 27% were pseudophakic. BCVA, CFT and IOP values before DEX-I injection were 0.78 ±0.16 LogMAR, 493.73 ±107.6 µm and 13.05 ±2.59 mmHg, respectively. At 6 months after DEX-I, BCVA, CFT and IOP values were 0.64 ±0.11 LogMAR, 397.35 ±59.72 µm and 16.3 ±2.51 mmHg, respectively. In all follow-ups, there was a significant improvement in BCVA, a significant decrease in CFT and a significant increase in IOP compared to pre-injection. Ocular hypertension was observed in 0.8 % of patients and progression of cataract progression in 1% of patients after treatment. CONCLUSION: DEX-I therapy is an effective and safe treatment option for DME refractory to IVB treatment.

• Klíčová slova
• Dexamethasone implant, bevacizumab, cataract, diabetic macular edema, intraocular pressure,
• MeSH
• bevacizumab aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dexamethason * aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• glukokortikoidy aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• injekce intravitreální * MeSH
• léky implantované * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární edém * farmakoterapie   etiologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bevacizumab MeSH
• dexamethason * MeSH
• glukokortikoidy MeSH
• léky implantované * MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of Ozurdex® (DEX) implant in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) in real-world clinical practice, and to determine the correlation between known OCT biomarkers and the effect of treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 42 eyes of 33 patients (16 women, 17 men) treated with DEX at the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc for DME indication between 2020 and 2023. Follow-up examinations were conducted at 1, 3, and 6 months after the first DEX application. The main assessed parameters were: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), central retinal thickness (CRT), OCT biomarkers. The results were subsequently statistically evaluated. RESULTS: At the first follow-up after DEX application, there was an average decrease in CRT of 186 ±146µm and a gain of 3 ±7 letters. Positive morphological and functional responses were observed in 39 eyes (92.9%) and 23 eyes (54.8%) respectively. The disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) biomarker was initially present in 41 eyes (97.6%), with reduction or disappearance observed in 13 eyes (31%) post-application. Eyes with ellipsoid zone disruption (EZ disruption) had an average initial BCVA of 49.6 letters, compared to 57.8 letters in the group without this biomarker. The mean gain in BCVA was +8.7 letters in treatment-naive eyes and +2.1 letters in previously treated eyes. Chronic DME was less frequent in treatment-naive (n = 1, 14.3%) compared to previously treated eyes (n = 28, 84.8%). All these results were statistically significant (p < 0.05). An increase in IOP post-DEX application occurred in 9 patients (21.4%). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm DEX as a safe and effective treatment option for DME. Treatment-naive patients achieved better functional outcomes. We confirmed ellipsoid zone disruption (EZ disruption) as a negative biomarker. Additionally, we demonstrated the capacity of DEX to reduce disorganization of the retinal inner layers (DRIL).

• Klíčová slova
• OCT biomarkers, Ozurdex, dexamethasone, diabetic macular edema,
• MeSH
• dexamethason * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• glukokortikoidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• injekce intravitreální * MeSH
• léky implantované * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární edém * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dexamethason * MeSH
• glukokortikoidy MeSH
• léky implantované * MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the therapeutic similarity of CT-P42 compared with reference aflibercept (Eylea) in adult patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). DESIGN: Randomized, active-controlled, double-masked, phase III clinical trial PARTICIPANTS: Patients with a diagnosis of either type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus with DME involving the center of the macula. METHODS: Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive either CT-P42 or reference aflibercept (2 mg/0.05 ml) by intravitreal injection every 4 weeks (5 doses), then every 8 weeks (4 doses), in the main study period. Results up to week 24 are reported herein. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end point was mean change from baseline at week 8 in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using the ETDRS chart. Equivalence between CT-P42 and reference aflibercept was to be concluded if the 2-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) (global assumptions) and 2-sided 90% CI (United States Food and Drug Administration [FDA] assumptions) for the treatment difference fell entirely within the equivalence margin of ±3 letters, as assessed in the full analysis set. RESULTS: Overall, 348 patients were randomized (CT-P42: 173; reference aflibercept: 175). Best-corrected visual acuity improved from baseline to week 8 in both groups, with a least squares mean (standard error) improvement of 9.43 (0.798) and 8.85 (0.775) letters in the CT-P42 and reference aflibercept groups, respectively. The estimated between-group treatment difference was 0.58 letters, with the CIs within the predefined equivalence margin of ±3 letters (95% CI, -0.73 to 1.88 [global]; 90% CI, -0.52 to 1.67 [FDA]). Through week 24, other efficacy results for the 2 groups, in terms of change in BCVA and retinal central subfield thickness, as well as ETDRS Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale score, supported therapeutic similarity. Pharmacokinetics, usability, safety (including the proportions of patients experiencing ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse event [CT-P42: 50.3%; reference aflibercept: 53.7%]), and immunogenicity were also comparable between groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study in patients with DME demonstrated equivalence between CT-P42 and reference aflibercept (2 mg/0.05 ml) in terms of efficacy, with similar pharmacokinetic, usability, safety, and immunogenicity profiles. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

• Klíčová slova
• Aflibercept, Biosimilar, CT-P42, Diabetic macular edema,
• MeSH
• biosimilární léčivé přípravky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * farmakoterapie   diagnóza   komplikace   MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• injekce intravitreální MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• macula lutea patologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• makulární edém * farmakoterapie   diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie metody   MeSH
• receptory vaskulárního endoteliálního růstového faktoru * aplikace a dávkování   antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflibercept MeSH Prohlížeč
• biosimilární léčivé přípravky MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze * MeSH
• receptory vaskulárního endoteliálního růstového faktoru * MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A MeSH

IMPORTANCE: Biosimilars may be lower-cost alternatives to originator biologic products, potentially offering expanded access or reduced economic burden, but have not been evaluated with aflibercept in diabetic macular edema (DME). OBJECTIVE: To compare efficacy and safety of MYL-1701P, an aflibercept biosimilar, with reference aflibercept (Eylea [Regeneron]) in DME. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a double-masked, randomized clinical trial that included participants at 77 centers across the US, Europe, Japan, and India. Included in the analysis were individuals 18 years and older with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with central DME and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) letter score of 73 to 38 in the study eye using an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. Study data were analyzed from October to December 2021. INTERVENTIONS: Formulations of MYL-1701P (0.5-mg vial) or reference aflibercept every 4 weeks for 5 consecutive intravitreal injections, followed by every 8 weeks through week 52. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the adjusted difference in least squares mean (SE) change from baseline BCVA letter score at week 8 with an equivalence margin of -3 to +3 letters. Secondary outcomes included change in central subfield thickness (CST), BCVA, number of injections over 52 weeks, incidence of adverse events (AEs), and antidrug antibodies (ADAs). RESULTS: A total of 355 participants (mean [SD] age, 62.2 [9.2] years; 216 male [60.8%]) were randomized to MYL-1701P (179 participants [50.4%]) and aflibercept (176 participants [49.6%]). At week 8, mean (SE) change in BCVA was 6.60 (0.55) letters vs 6.56 (0.55) letters in the MYL-1701P vs aflibercept groups. The adjusted mean difference of 0.04 letters (90% CI, -1.16 to 1.24 letters) met the primary outcome. At week 8, mean (SE) change in CST was -112 (7) μm vs -124 (7) μm in the MYL-1701P vs aflibercept groups (adjusted mean difference, 12 μm; 90% CI, -3 to 26 μm). The incidence of treatment-emergent AEs in the MYL-1701P and aflibercept arms were ocular (30.9% [55 of 178] vs 29.5% [52 of 176]), serious ocular (0.6% [1 of 178] vs 1.1% [2 of 176]), nonocular (65.2% [116 of 178] vs 65.3% [115 of 176]), and serious nonocular (16.9% [30 of 178] vs 11.9% [21 of 176]). The mean (SD) total number of injections was 8.4 (2.1) vs 8.7 (1.8) in the MYL-1701P vs aflibercept groups. The incidence of treatment-induced or treatment-boosted ADAs was 2.8% (5 of 177) vs 5.7% (10 of 176) in the MYL-1701P vs aflibercept arms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: MYL-1701P demonstrated clinical equivalence in regard to efficacy, with comparable safety and immunogenicity, to reference aflibercept. These findings support use of MLY-1701P as an alternative to reference aflibercept. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03610646.

• MeSH
• biosimilární léčivé přípravky * terapeutické užití   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * farmakoterapie   diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze * aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• injekce intravitreální * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární edém * farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• receptory vaskulárního endoteliálního růstového faktoru * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny * terapeutické užití   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zraková ostrost * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflibercept MeSH Prohlížeč
• biosimilární léčivé přípravky * MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze * MeSH
• receptory vaskulárního endoteliálního růstového faktoru * MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny * MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A MeSH

Current diabetic retinopathy (DR) treatment involves blood glucose regulation combined with laser photocoagulation or intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies. However, due to the complex pathogenesis and cross-interference of multiple biochemical pathways, these interventions cannot block disease progression. Recognizing the critical role of the retinal microenvironment (RME) in DR, it is hypothesized that reshaping the RME by simultaneously inhibiting primary and secondary blood-retinal barrier (BRB) injury can attenuate DR. For this, a glucose-responsive hydrogel named Cu-PEI/siMyD88@GEMA-Con A (CSGC) is developed that effectively delivers Cu-PEI/siMyD88 nanoparticles (NPs) to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The Cu-PEI NPs act as antioxidant enzymes, scavenging ROS and inhibiting RPE pyroptosis, ultimately blocking primary BRB injury by reducing microglial activation and Th1 differentiation. Simultaneously, MyD88 expression silence in combination with the Cu-PEI NPs decreases IL-18 production, synergistically reduces VEGF levels, and enhances tight junction proteins expression, thus blocking secondary BRB injury. In summary, via remodeling the RME, the CSGC hydrogel has the potential to disrupt the detrimental cycle of cross-interference between primary and secondary BRB injury, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for DR.

• Klíčová slova
• diabetic retinopathy, primary BRB injury, retinal microenvironment reshaping, secondary BRB injury, siMyD88,
• MeSH
• buněčné mikroprostředí účinky léků   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosa * metabolismus   MeSH
• hematoretinální bariéra * metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• hydrogely * farmakologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nanočástice MeSH
• retina účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• retinální pigmentový epitel metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukosa * MeSH
• hydrogely * MeSH

Together with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema (DME) ranks among the most common causes of severe loss of vision in working adults. Due to recent developments in imaging methods, new classification schemes of DME have been created. In addition to this, new treatment options have been introduced (new intravitreal drugs as well as treatment protocols). At the same time laser, surgical as well as combination therapy is still available. In this paper we evaluate the current knowledge about DME diagnostic and treatment options and formulate recommended guidelines for the management of DME.

• Klíčová slova
• diabetic macular edema, guidelines, recommended guidelines, treatment, type 2 diabetes,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * farmakoterapie   chirurgie   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * terapie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze terapeutické užití   MeSH
• injekce intravitreální MeSH
• laserová koagulace škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární edém * diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inhibitory angiogeneze MeSH

AIM: Presentation of the 1-year results of aflibercept treatment in patients suffering from diabetic macular edema (DME) and comparison of the response to treatment of patients with different baseline central retinal thickness (CRT). METHODS: This was a multicentre, retrospective observational study of a series of cases. Patients with DME were treated in a fixed regimen (5 injections at 1-monthly intervals and then injections at 2-monthly intervals). The period of follow-up was 12 months. The development of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and CRT was evaluated. Measurements were performed prior to the commencement of treatment and then after 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months. RESULTS: The therapeutically naive group consisted of 82 eyes of 79 patients. The total cohort of patients was divided into 3 groups according to the baseline values of CRT. The first group was composed of 28 eyes with baseline CRT < 450 μm (34.1%), the second included 25 eyes with CRT in the range of 450-550 μm (30.5%), and the third group consisted of 29 eyes with baseline CRT > 550 μm (35.4%). The average baseline BCVA and SD in the first group was 66 ±7.1 letters ETDRS optotypes, and then 70 ±7 letters, 69.6 ±7.3 letters, and 71.3 ±7 letters at the follow-ups after 4, 8, and 12 months. The average baseline value of CRT and SD in the first group was 379 ±48.6 μm, and then 337.1 ±76.5 μm, 320.2 ±74.1 μm, and 315.1 ±62.2 μm after 4, 8, and 12 months. The average baseline BCVA and SD in the second group was 64.1 ±9.7 ETDRS letters, and then 66.9 ±10 letters, 70 ±9.9 letters, and 70.5 ±11.5 letters after 4, 8, and 12 months. The average baseline value of CRT and SD in the second group was 497.4 ±76.4 μm, and then 376.5 ±106.1 μm, 360.8 ±70 μm, and 351.3 ±91.3 μm after 4, 8, and 12 months. In the third group, the average baseline value of BCVA and SD was 59.7 ±10.4 ETDRS letters, and then 65 ±10.6 letters, 64.8 ±9.6 letters, and 67 ±10 letters after 4, 8, and 12 months. The average baseline value of CRT and SD in the third group was 639.4 ±79.6 μm, and then 396.7 ±147.1 μm, 416.9 ±139.8 μm, and 368.5 ±109.9 μm after 4, 8, and 12 months. All these changes were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Aflibercept treatment in a fixed regimen in patients suffering from DME results in a statistically significant improvement in BCVA and a decrease in CRT in the first year of treatment. Patients with a higher baseline CRT showed the best anatomical and functional results of the 1-year treatment with aflibercept.

• Klíčová slova
• aflibercept, anti-VEGF therapy, diabetic macular edema, real-life practice,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * komplikace   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze terapeutické užití   MeSH
• injekce intravitreální MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární edém * farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• ranibizumab terapeutické užití   MeSH
• receptory vaskulárního endoteliálního růstového faktoru MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflibercept MeSH Prohlížeč
• inhibitory angiogeneze MeSH
• ranibizumab MeSH
• receptory vaskulárního endoteliálního růstového faktoru MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny MeSH

AIM: To evaluate, on the basis of two-year observations, the effectiveness of intravitreal treatment with Ranibizumab in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) unresponsive to the previous laser treatment. Cohort and Methods: A retrospective study evaluates 29 eyes of 29 patients with diffuse DME unresponsive to their previous laser treatment. The group of the patients consisted of 16 males (55.1%) and 13 females (44.8%); their mean age was 71.3. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 13 years (3-20). 19 patients (65.5%) were treated with insulin, 10 patients (34.4%) were treated with peroral antidiabetics (PAD); the mean HbA1c value was 52 mmol/l. The treatment was started with 3 initial doses of intravitreal injections of Ranibizumab 0.5 mg. There was a one- -month interval between the applications. Subsequent evaluations and administrations of the following injections were made in the pro re nata (PRN) mode; the check-ups were carried out every month during the first year and on average every 3 months in the second year. The monitored parameters: the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured on ETRDS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) optotypes, the central retinal thickness (CRT). These parameters were monitored prior to the treatment and then in the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 18th and 24th months. RESULTS: A statistically significant improvement in the mean value of BCVA was detected. From the initial 65.4 ±10.61 letters it improved by 11.2 letters (p.

• Klíčová slova
• Lucentis, Visual acuity, anti-VEGF, diabetic macular edema, macular edema, optical coherence tomography,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární edém * farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• ranibizumab terapeutické užití   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inhibitory angiogeneze MeSH
• ranibizumab MeSH

In our study, we focused on possible effects of supplementation with glucan and vitamin D on total numbers of NK cells in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We evaluated possible relations among nutritional state (BMI), leptin levels, and total numbers of NK cells in patients supplemented with (1) glucan and vitamin D, (2) vitamin D and placebo, and (3) vitamin D alone. Our results show that 3 months of supplementation with both glucan and vitamin D resulted in significant improvements of NK cell numbers. In addition, we found statistically significant correlation between NK cell numbers and leptin levels. Based on these results, we propose that the molecule responsible for these changes is glucan, as vitamin D alone or together with placebo caused no effects.

• MeSH
• beta-glukany aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• buňky NK cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu farmakoterapie   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• imunomodulace MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počet lymfocytů MeSH
• potravní doplňky * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• beta-glukany MeSH
• leptin MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH

The issue of macular retinal degeneration is one of the key areas of ophthalmology. Recent advances in the targeted delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) suppressants have significantly impacted the patient's prognosis in the form of a significant deceleration in disease progression. Some of the drugs have gradually found their use in other indications (central retinal vein occlusion or diabetic macular edema). The following text gives a brief look at the physiology of VEGF, but not only in the eye, but throughout the human body, particularly in the context of adverse effects resulting from systemic inhibition of its effects.

• Klíčová slova
• VEGF, adverse effects, aflibercept, bevacizumab, pegaptanib, pharmacokinetics, ranibizumab, vascular endothelial growth factor,
• MeSH
• bevacizumab terapeutické užití   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze terapeutické užití   MeSH
• injekce intravitreální MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární degenerace * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• makulární edém * farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• ranibizumab terapeutické užití   MeSH
• receptory vaskulárního endoteliálního růstového faktoru terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bevacizumab MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze MeSH
• ranibizumab MeSH
• receptory vaskulárního endoteliálního růstového faktoru MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A MeSH