We observed instances of cannibalism (intraspecific predation) among intra-instar larvae of Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758 while performing a bioassay of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (formerly named Bacillus sphaericus) larvicide, when the larvae were exposed to the larvicide for 48 h in the absence of food. Larvae without symptoms of poisoning attacked and devoured those visibly affected. Cannibalism was more prevalent in 1st-2nd instar larvae than in 3rd-4th instar. This phenomenon should be taken into account when interpreting the results of larvicide bioassays, especially when the exposure lasts over 24 h. The necessity of creating optimal conditions for organisms tested is emphasised.

• Klíčová slova
• Culex pipiens, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), bioassay, intraspecific predation, larval feeding, larval starvation,
• MeSH
• Bacillaceae chemie   MeSH
• Culex účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• insekticidy aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• kanibalismus MeSH
• larva účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insekticidy MeSH

Plague (Yersinia pestis) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania major) are two rodent-associated diseases which are vectored by fleas and phlebotomine sand flies, respectively. In Central Asia, the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) serves as the primary reservoir for both diseases in most natural foci. The systemic insecticide fipronil has been previously shown to be highly effective in controlling fleas and sand flies. However, the impact of a fipronil-based rodent bait, on flea and sand fly abundance, has never been reported in Central Asia. A field trial was conducted in southeastern Kazakhstan to evaluate the efficacy of a 0.005% fipronil bait, applied to gerbil burrows for oral uptake, in reducing Xenopsylla spp. flea and Phlebotomus spp. sand fly abundance. All active gerbil burrows within the treated area were presented with ~120 g of 0.005% fipronil grain bait twice during late spring/early summer (June 16, June 21). In total, 120 occupied and 14 visited gerbil colonies were surveyed and treated, and the resulting application rate was minimal (~0.006 mg fipronil/m2). The bait resulted in 100% reduction in Xenopsylla spp. flea abundance at 80-days post-treatment. Gravid sand flies were reduced ~72% and 100% during treatment and at week-3 post-treatment, respectively. However, noticeable sand fly reduction did not occur after week-3 and results suggest environmental factors also influenced abundance significantly. In conclusion, fipronil bait, applied in southeastern Kazakhstan, has the potential to reduce or potentially eliminate Xenopsylla spp. fleas if applied at least every 80-days, but may need to be applied at higher frequency to significantly reduce the oviposition rate of Phlebotomus spp. sand flies. Fipronil-based bait may provide a means of controlling blood-feeding vectors, subsequently reducing disease risk, in Central Asia and other affected regions globally.

• MeSH
• dezinsekce metody   MeSH
• Gerbillinae parazitologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
• infestace blechami parazitologie   prevence a kontrola   veterinární   MeSH
• insekticidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Psychodidae účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• pyrazoly aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Siphonaptera účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kazachstán MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fipronil MeSH Prohlížeč
• insekticidy MeSH
• pyrazoly MeSH

Insect anti-stress responses, including those induced by insecticides, are controlled by adipokinetic hormones (AKHs). We examined the physiological consequences of Pyrap-AKH application on Tribolium castaneum adults (AKH-normal and AKH-deficient prepared by the RNAi technique) treated by two insecticides, pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin. Co-application of pirimiphos-methyl and/or deltamethrin with AKH significantly increased beetle mortality compared with application of the insecticides alone. This co-treatment was accompanied by substantial stimulation of general metabolism, as monitored by carbon dioxide production. Further, the insecticide treatment alone affected some basic markers of oxidative stress: it lowered total antioxidative capacity as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase in the beetle body; in addition, it enhanced the activity of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase. However, these discrepancies in oxidative stress markers were eliminated/reduced by co-application with Pyrap-AKH. We suggest that the elevation of metabolism, which is probably accompanied with faster turnover of toxins, might be responsible for the higher mortality that results after AKH and insecticide co-application. Changes in oxidative stress markers are probably not included in the mechanisms responsible for increased mortality.

• Klíčová slova
• Adipokinetic hormone, Insecticide, Metabolism, Mortality, Oxidative stress, RNA interference,
• MeSH
• energetický metabolismus účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• hmyzí hormony aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• insekticidy aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   toxicita   MeSH
• neuropeptidy aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Tribolium účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adipokinetic hormone, beetle MeSH Prohlížeč
• hmyzí hormony MeSH
• insekticidy MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová MeSH
• neuropeptidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are insect neuropetides controlling stress situations including those elicited by insecticide treatment. The effect of Pyrap-AKH on the mortality of the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.) treated with the insecticide permethrin (Ambush 25 EC) was studied. RESULTS: Coinjection of 50 ng permethrin with 80 pmol Pyrap-AKH induced a significant 2.3-fold increase in bug mortality compared with the insecticide alone. The results were confirmed by topical coapplication of both agents (400 ng and 80 pmol respectively). Injections of 50 and 100 ng permethrin elicited a significant increase in the AKH level in CNS and the haemolymph. The results indicate an involvement of AKH in stress response to permethrin. The enhanced effect of insecticide by AKH treatments probably results from the stimulatory role in bug metabolism: carbon dioxide production was increased 3.5- and 2.5-fold respectively 1 and 3 h after permethrin treatment, and 4.3- and 3.4-fold after the permethrin plus AKH cotreatment, compared with the control. CONCLUSION: The elevation of metabolism could intensify the permethrin action by its faster penetration into tissues and by stimulation of biochemically active cells, and could be a reason for enhanced action of permethrin after its cotreatment with Pyrap-AKH.

• MeSH
• centrální nervový systém účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologický stres účinky léků   MeSH
• hemolymfa metabolismus   MeSH
• Heteroptera * účinky léků   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• hmyzí hormony krev   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• insekticidy * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová analogy a deriváty   krev   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• oligopeptidy krev   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• oxid uhličitý metabolismus   MeSH
• permethrin * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• pesticidoví synergisté krev   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adipokinetic hormone MeSH Prohlížeč
• hmyzí hormony MeSH
• insekticidy * MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová MeSH
• oligopeptidy MeSH
• oxid uhličitý MeSH
• permethrin * MeSH
• pesticidoví synergisté MeSH

The chemical part of this investigation focused on designing structures and synthesizing a series of six new esters (juvenogens), derived from biologically active insect juvenile hormone bioanalogues (juvenoids, JHAs) and unsaturated short-chain linear and branched fatty acids for possible application as biochemically targeted insect hormonogen agents. The structures of the new compounds were assigned on the basis of a detailed NMR analysis of their (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra. The biological part of this investigation focused on introductory biological screening tests with these compounds against the red firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus), termites (Reticulitermes santonensis and Prorhinotermes simplex), and the blowfly (Neobellieria bullata). The biological activity of the juvenogens was studied in relation to the fatty acid functionality in the structures. Notable biological activity in topical tests and medium activity in peroral tests was found for the juvenogens 3 and 7 with P. apterus. The compounds 6 and 8 showed the lowest activity in both topical and oral assays with P. apterus. Considerable effect of all tested juvenogens was observed in P. simplex; however, the juvenogens 5 and 6 (derivatives of the only branched short-chain fatty acid) showed no activity against R. santonensis. The effect of the compounds 3-8 on larval hatching of N. bullata was only moderate (larval hatching 80-90%); however, the proliferation effect caused by 5, 6, and 8 is more pronounced than the effect caused by 3, 4, and 7.

• MeSH
• Diptera MeSH
• estery * aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• insekticidy * aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• Isoptera MeSH
• juvenilní hormony * aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estery * MeSH
• insekticidy * MeSH
• juvenilní hormony * MeSH

This case report describes the clinical signs and treatment of demodicosis in nine pet prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Clinical records including history, clinical examination, microscopic evaluation and fungal culture of the skin lesions were available for all nine animals. In seven animals, blood was obtained for haematological and biochemical analyses. Clinical signs comprised bilaterally symmetrical alopecia extending from the middle part of the back down to the skin of the thighs and the dorsal and ventral parts of the tail. Demodex mites were found in skin scrapings from all cases. Treatment with amitraz at 250 p.p.m. resulted in resolution of lesions and hair regrowth. This is the first report of demodicosis in this species.

• MeSH
• aplikace kožní MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• infestace roztoči farmakoterapie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• insekticidy aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• koupele veterinární   MeSH
• roztoči MeSH
• Sciuridae * MeSH
• toluidiny aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amitraz MeSH Prohlížeč
• insekticidy MeSH
• toluidiny MeSH

Pediculosis humanus capitis (head lice) is an important public health problem among school children. In our study, 20,612 schoolchildren (10,367 boys, 10,245 girls) were examined for Pediculus humanus capitis in 36 elementary schools between December 1996 and February 1998 in Ankara, Turkey. The prevalence of pediculosis capitis infestation was found to be 3.4% (701/20,612). Of these, 382 students were treated with application of 1% permethrin cream rinse, and 184 students with 0.4% d-phenothrin shampoo. On day 14 of the controlled trial, the success rates were 93.7% in the 1% permethrin cream rinse group and 75.5% in the 0.4% d-phenothrin shampoo group. The 1% permethrin cream rinse was also significantly more active in pediculicidal efficacy when compared to the 0.4% d-phenothrin shampoo (p<0.001). As a result, these findings demonstrate that pediculosis capitis still remains a widespread health problem.

• MeSH
• dermatózy skalpu farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• insekticidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• jednoduchá slepá metoda MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Pediculus * MeSH
• permethrin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• pyrethriny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• vlasové přípravky MeSH
• zavšivení farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insekticidy MeSH
• permethrin MeSH
• phenothrin MeSH Prohlížeč
• pyrethriny MeSH
• vlasové přípravky MeSH

Hypodermosis and cephenemyiosis are largely widespread diseases in roe deer in the conditions of the Czech Republic. Both kinds of parasitosis cause great losses of game. The aim of this study was to test peroral administration of ivermectin with respect to the control of larval stages of hypodermosis (Hypoderma diana B.) in roe deer. Studies were performed on three localities within one three-year study and two 18-month studies. Ivermectin was administered for two days at a daily dose of 0.30 mg/kg body weight during winter game feeding. The shot deer were checked for the presence of larvae throughout the year. Prevalence and intensity of infection were determined. A total of 147 animals were checked in 1992-1994 (Tab.I); prevalence and intensity of infection were very low in comparison with the situation before treatment and with the control group (1994). Similar results were obtained in both shorter studies (Tab. II) performed on 27 animals in total. The results suggest (on the base of detail discussion) that the low values of prevalence and intensity of infection should be taken as partly distorted due to the methodical conditions of checks. The efficacy of ivermectin treatment was complemented by observation of several cases and their results employing direct checks of shot deer (Tab. III), including a six-year observation of a group of 6 to 10 individuals of tame deer treated year by. These results explicitly document the high efficacy of mass peroral ivermectin administration in the control of warble fly larvae. Ivermectin is the first drug suitable for the treatment of roe deer hypodermosis.

• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• Diptera účinky léků   MeSH
• hypodermyiáza farmakoterapie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• insekticidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• ivermektin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insekticidy MeSH
• ivermektin MeSH

The effect of the last developmental phase of the warble fly (Hypoderma bovis de Greer) larvas was studied as exerted on some health indices of milk in 20 experimental (treated) and 18 control (untreated) first-calvers of the Pinzgau breed at two localities of an area affected by bovine hypodermosis in the period from May to June, 1975. The preparation Hypocid, at a dose of 15 ml per 100 kg of body weight, was applied externally in the lumbosacral region to the experimental animals in November, 1974. Throughout the experimental period (61 days) the milk was repeatedly examined bacteriologically and cytologically, the content of chlorides and the milk electric conductivity were determined. In none of the followed health indices of milk were significant differences in the values obtained from experimental and control first-calvers proved statistically.

• MeSH
• aplikace lokální MeSH
• Diptera MeSH
• hypodermyiáza metabolismus   veterinární   MeSH
• insekticidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• lumbosakrální krajina MeSH
• mléko cytologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nemoci skotu metabolismus   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insekticidy MeSH