In underground hibernacula temperate northern hemisphere bats are exposed to Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal agent of white-nose syndrome. While pathological and epidemiological data suggest that Palearctic bats tolerate this infection, we lack knowledge about bat health under pathogen pressure. Here we report blood profiles, along with body mass index (BMI), infection intensity and hibernation temperature, in greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis). We sampled three European hibernacula that differ in geomorphology and microclimatic conditions. Skin lesion counts differed between contralateral wings of a bat, suggesting variable exposure to the fungus. Analysis of blood parameters suggests a threshold of ca. 300 skin lesions on both wings, combined with poor hibernation conditions, may distinguish healthy bats from those with homeostatic disruption. Physiological effects manifested as mild metabolic acidosis, decreased glucose and peripheral blood eosinophilia which were strongly locality-dependent. Hibernating bats displaying blood homeostasis disruption had 2 °C lower body surface temperatures. A shallow BMI loss slope with increasing pathogen load suggested a high degree of infection tolerance. European greater mouse-eared bats generally survive P. destructans invasion, despite some health deterioration at higher infection intensities (dependant on hibernation conditions). Conservation measures should minimise additional stressors to conserve constrained body reserves of bats during hibernation.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota fyziologie MeSH
- Chiroptera krev mikrobiologie fyziologie MeSH
- hibernace * MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
- kožní nemoci krev mikrobiologie patologie veterinární MeSH
- mykózy krev mikrobiologie patologie veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
CONTEXT: Coleonema album (Thunb) Bart. & H. L. Wendl (Rutaceae) has been used in the formulation of skincare products, and the Khoisan people rub it on their skin to add luster. Coleonema pulchellum I. Williams has received less attention in the South African traditional medicine. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the antifungal and antioxidant activities of C. album and C. pulchellum essential oil (EO) and leaf extracts; and analyzes the chemical components of their EOs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antifungal activity of leaf extracts was determined using the microdilution method with griseofulvin and ketoconazole as controls. Antifungal capacity of EO was investigated using the 'Volatile release plate method'. Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28188) and T. mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533) mycelia (0.3 cm diameter) were placed on fresh yeast malt agar in Petri dishes with filter paper (impregnated with 20 μL of EO) on the lid for direct exposure to EO volatiles while plates without EO were used as controls. The incubation time was seven days. Antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts were determined. RESULTS: Methanol leaf extract of C. pulchellum inhibited the growth of three fungi tested with MIC values of 195, 391 and 49 μg/mL for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum, respectively. Terpenes formed the major components of the EO. The EO from both plants inhibited the growth of T. rubrum in vitro. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study revealed the therapeutic value of C. pulchellum. Coleonema album and C. pulchellum should be considered as potential plants for skin ointment from natural origin.
- Klíčová slova
- Atopic dermatitis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum,
- MeSH
- antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování izolace a purifikace MeSH
- antioxidancia aplikace a dávkování izolace a purifikace MeSH
- dermatologické látky aplikace a dávkování izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kožní nemoci * farmakoterapie metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- listy rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty aplikace a dávkování izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Rutaceae * MeSH
- Trichophyton účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antifungální látky MeSH
- antioxidancia MeSH
- dermatologické látky MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
While white-nose syndrome (WNS) has decimated hibernating bat populations in the Nearctic, species from the Palearctic appear to cope better with the fungal skin infection causing WNS. This has encouraged multiple hypotheses on the mechanisms leading to differential survival of species exposed to the same pathogen. To facilitate intercontinental comparisons, we proposed a novel pathogenesis-based grading scheme consistent with WNS diagnosis histopathology criteria. UV light-guided collection was used to obtain single biopsies from Nearctic and Palearctic bat wing membranes non-lethally. The proposed scheme scores eleven grades associated with WNS on histopathology. Given weights reflective of grade severity, the sum of findings from an individual results in weighted cumulative WNS pathology score. The probability of finding fungal skin colonisation and single, multiple or confluent cupping erosions increased with increase in Pseudogymnoascus destructans load. Increasing fungal load mimicked progression of skin infection from epidermal surface colonisation to deep dermal invasion. Similarly, the number of UV-fluorescent lesions increased with increasing weighted cumulative WNS pathology score, demonstrating congruence between WNS-associated tissue damage and extent of UV fluorescence. In a case report, we demonstrated that UV-fluorescence disappears within two weeks of euthermy. Change in fluorescence was coupled with a reduction in weighted cumulative WNS pathology score, whereby both methods lost diagnostic utility. While weighted cumulative WNS pathology scores were greater in the Nearctic than Palearctic, values for Nearctic bats were within the range of those for Palearctic species. Accumulation of wing damage probably influences mortality in affected bats, as demonstrated by a fatal case of Myotis daubentonii with natural WNS infection and healing in Myotis myotis. The proposed semi-quantitative pathology score provided good agreement between experienced raters, showing it to be a powerful and widely applicable tool for defining WNS severity.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota genetika fyziologie MeSH
- Chiroptera metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- kožní nemoci mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- křídla zvířecí mikrobiologie patologie účinky záření MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- optické zobrazování MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- ultrafialové záření MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- DNA fungální MeSH
This study characterizes the clinicopathological spectrum of lymphoproliferations involving the breast nipple and/or areola. Morphologic, immunohistochemical, molecular-genetic, and clinical features of 58 specimens from 56 patients were analyzed. They were re-diagnosed as cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (CLH, n = 44); other benign lymphoid infiltrates (OBLI, n = 8); peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (n = 1); cases with overlapping features of CLH and B-cell lymphoma (n = 3), one of them composed of spindle cells. Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia infiltrates were dense, composed mainly of B cells forming follicles with germinal centers (GC). Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia frequently showed features suggesting a malignancy as coalescing follicles with non-polarized germinal centers lacking mantle zones, and smudged infiltrates of lymphoid cells spreading into collagen (often as "Indian files"), smooth muscle, vessel walls, and nerve sheaths. Only two cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasias recurred; otherwise all patients are without disease (mean follow-up 62 months). Monoclonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene was detected in five, and of T-cell receptor gamma gene in two cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasias using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but the patients fared well too. In 47% of cases Borrelia burgdorferi was detected by polymerase chain reaction and/or serology, of which one was monoclonal. We conclude that cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia is the most common lymphoproliferation of the breast nipple, rarely recognized clinically, and often overdiagnosed histologically as lymphoma.
- MeSH
- Borrelia burgdorferi MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- geny TcR gama MeSH
- hyperplazie genetika mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- kožní nemoci genetika mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymeská nemoc komplikace MeSH
- lymfom patologie MeSH
- lymfoproliferativní nemoci genetika mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- přestavba genů pro těžké řetězce B-lymfocytů MeSH
- prsní bradavky mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- pseudolymfom genetika mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- chronická nemoc MeSH
- kožní nemoci mikrobiologie MeSH
- kůže mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- alopecie mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- Arthrodermataceae izolace a purifikace MeSH
- dermatomykózy mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- kožní nemoci mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- mitosporické houby * MeSH
- nemoci ptáků * mikrobiologie MeSH
- ptáci MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- Staphylococcus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- Cryptococcus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kožní nemoci mikrobiologie MeSH
- kryptokokóza mikrobiologie MeSH
- kultivační média MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kultivační média MeSH
