Carbohydrates are essential mediators of many processes in health and disease. They regulate self-/non-self- discrimination, are key elements of cellular communication, cancer, infection and inflammation, and determine protein folding, function and life-times. Moreover, they are integral to the cellular envelope for microorganisms and participate in biofilm formation. These diverse functions of carbohydrates are mediated by carbohydrate-binding proteins, lectins, and the more the knowledge about the biology of these proteins is advancing, the more interfering with carbohydrate recognition becomes a viable option for the development of novel therapeutics. In this respect, small molecules mimicking this recognition process become more and more available either as tools for fostering our basic understanding of glycobiology or as therapeutics. In this review, we outline the general design principles of glycomimetic inhibitors (Section 2). This section is then followed by highlighting three approaches to interfere with lectin function, i.e. with carbohydrate-derived glycomimetics (Section 3.1), novel glycomimetic scaffolds (Section 3.2) and allosteric modulators (Section 3.3). We summarize recent advances in design and application of glycomimetics for various classes of lectins of mammalian, viral and bacterial origin. Besides highlighting design principles in general, we showcase defined cases in which glycomimetics have been advanced to clinical trials or marketed. Additionally, emerging applications of glycomimetics for targeted protein degradation and targeted delivery purposes are reviewed in Section 4.

• MeSH
• lektiny * chemie   MeSH
• sacharidy * chemie   MeSH
• savci metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• lektiny * MeSH
• sacharidy * MeSH

Series of multivalent α-l-fucoside containing glycoclusters and variously decorated l-fucosides were synthesized to find potential inhibitors of fucose-specific lectins and study the structure-binding affinity relationships. Tri- and tetravalent fucoclusters were built using copper-mediated azide-alkyne click chemistry. Series of fucoside monomers and dimers were synthesized using various methods, namely glycosylation, an azide-alkyne click reaction, photoinduced thiol-en addition, and sulfation. The interactions between compounds with six fucolectins of bacterial or fungal origin were tested using a hemagglutination inhibition assay. As a result, a tetravalent, α-l-fucose presenting glycocluster showed to be a ligand that was orders of magnitude better than a simple monosaccharide for tested lectins in most cases, which can nominate it as a universal ligand for studied lectins. This compound was also able to inhibit the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells to human epithelial bronchial cells. A trivalent fucocluster with a protected amine functional group also seems to be a promising candidate for designing glycoconjugates and chimeras.

• Klíčová slova
• cystic fibrosis, glycoclusters, hemagglutination, l-fucosides, lectins, multivalency,
• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fukosa chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fungální proteiny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• hemaglutinace MeSH
• lektiny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• testy inhibice hemaglutinace MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• fucose-binding lectin MeSH Prohlížeč
• fukosa MeSH
• fungální proteiny MeSH
• lektiny MeSH

Protein-carbohydrate interactions are very often mediated by the stacking CH-π interactions involving the side chains of aromatic amino acids such as tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr) or phenylalanine (Phe). Especially suitable for stacking is the Trp residue. Analysis of the PDB database shows Trp stacking for 265 carbohydrate or carbohydrate like ligands in 5 208 Trp containing motives. An appropriate model system to study such an interaction is the AAL lectin family where the stacking interactions play a crucial role and are thought to be a driving force for carbohydrate binding. In this study we present data showing a novel finding in the stacking interaction of the AAL Trp side chain with the carbohydrate. High resolution X-ray structure of the AAL lectin from Aleuria aurantia with α-methyl-l-fucoside ligand shows two possible Trp side chain conformations with the same occupation in electron density. The in silico data shows that the conformation of the Trp side chain does not influence the interaction energy despite the fact that each conformation creates interactions with different carbohydrate CH groups. Moreover, the PDB data search shows that the conformations are almost equally distributed across all Trp-carbohydrate complexes, which would suggest no substantial preference for one conformation over another.

• MeSH
• databáze proteinů MeSH
• konformace proteinů MeSH
• krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
• lektiny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů * MeSH
• tryptofan chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• lectin, Aleuria aurantia MeSH Prohlížeč
• lektiny MeSH
• tryptofan MeSH

Photorhabdus asymbiotica is one of the three recognized species of the Photorhabdus genus, which consists of gram-negative bioluminescent bacteria belonging to the family Morganellaceae. These bacteria live in a symbiotic relationship with nematodes from the genus Heterorhabditis, together forming a complex that is highly pathogenic for insects. Unlike other Photorhabdus species, which are strictly entomopathogenic, P. asymbiotica is unique in its ability to act as an emerging human pathogen. Analysis of the P. asymbiotica genome identified a novel fucose-binding lectin designated PHL with a strong sequence similarity to the recently described P. luminescens lectin PLL. Recombinant PHL exhibited high affinity for fucosylated carbohydrates and the unusual disaccharide 3,6-O-Me2-Glcβ1-4(2,3-O-Me2)Rhaα-O-(p-C6H4)-OCH2CH2NH2 from Mycobacterium leprae. Based on its crystal structure, PHL forms a seven-bladed β-propeller assembling into a homo-dimer with an inter-subunit disulfide bridge. Investigating complexes with different ligands revealed the existence of two sets of binding sites per monomer-the first type prefers l-fucose and its derivatives, whereas the second type can bind d-galactose. Based on the sequence analysis, PHL could contain up to twelve binding sites per monomer. PHL was shown to interact with all types of red blood cells and insect haemocytes. Interestingly, PHL inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species induced by zymosan A in human blood and antimicrobial activity both in human blood, serum and insect haemolymph. Concurrently, PHL increased the constitutive level of oxidants in the blood and induced melanisation in haemolymph. Our results suggest that PHL might play a crucial role in the interaction of P. asymbiotica with both human and insect hosts.

• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu imunologie   MeSH
• konformace proteinů MeSH
• krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
• lektiny chemie   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• Photorhabdus genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• povrchová plasmonová rezonance MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• fucose-binding lectin MeSH Prohlížeč
• lektiny MeSH

Photorhabdus luminescens is known for its symbiosis with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its pathogenicity toward insect larvae. A hypothetical protein from P. luminescens was identified, purified from the native source, and characterized as an l-fucose-binding lectin, named P. luminescens lectin (PLL). Glycan array and biochemical characterization data revealed PLL to be specific toward l-fucose and the disaccharide glycan 3,6-O-Me2-Glcβ1-4(2,3-O-Me2)Rhaα-O-(p-C6H4)-OCH2CH2NH2 PLL was discovered to be a homotetramer with an intersubunit disulfide bridge. The crystal structures of native and recombinant PLL revealed a seven-bladed β-propeller fold creating seven putative fucose-binding sites per monomer. The crystal structure of the recombinant PLL·l-fucose complex confirmed that at least three sites were fucose-binding. Moreover, the crystal structures indicated that some of the other sites are masked either by the tetrameric nature of the lectin or by incorporation of the C terminus of the lectin into one of these sites. PLL exhibited an ability to bind to insect hemocytes and the cuticular surface of a nematode, H. bacteriophora.

• Klíčová slova
• Galleria mellonella, Photorhabdus luminescens, bacterial pathogenesis, crystal structure, hemocytes from insect larvae, host/pathogen interaction, lectin, structural biology,
• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fukosa chemie   MeSH
• krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
• kvarterní struktura proteinů MeSH
• lektiny chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Photorhabdus chemie   MeSH
• proteinové domény MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• fukosa MeSH
• lektiny MeSH

The immune mechanisms that recognize inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus conidia to promote their elimination from the lungs are incompletely understood. FleA is a lectin expressed by Aspergillus fumigatus that has twelve binding sites for fucosylated structures that are abundant in the glycan coats of multiple plant and animal proteins. The role of FleA is unknown: it could bind fucose in decomposed plant matter to allow Aspergillus fumigatus to thrive in soil, or it may be a virulence factor that binds fucose in lung glycoproteins to cause Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia. Our studies show that FleA protein and Aspergillus fumigatus conidia bind avidly to purified lung mucin glycoproteins in a fucose-dependent manner. In addition, FleA binds strongly to macrophage cell surface proteins, and macrophages bind and phagocytose fleA-deficient (∆fleA) conidia much less efficiently than wild type (WT) conidia. Furthermore, a potent fucopyranoside glycomimetic inhibitor of FleA inhibits binding and phagocytosis of WT conidia by macrophages, confirming the specific role of fucose binding in macrophage recognition of WT conidia. Finally, mice infected with ΔfleA conidia had more severe pneumonia and invasive aspergillosis than mice infected with WT conidia. These findings demonstrate that FleA is not a virulence factor for Aspergillus fumigatus. Instead, host recognition of FleA is a critical step in mechanisms of mucin binding, mucociliary clearance, and macrophage killing that prevent Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia.

• MeSH
• Aspergillus fumigatus imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
• fukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• fungální proteiny imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lektiny imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• muciny imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• plicní aspergilóza imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• slizniční imunita imunologie   MeSH
• spory hub imunologie   MeSH
• western blotting MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fucose-binding lectin MeSH Prohlížeč
• fukosa MeSH
• fungální proteiny MeSH
• lektiny MeSH
• muciny MeSH

Aspergillus fumigatus is an important allergen and opportunistic pathogen. Similarly to many other pathogens, it is able to produce lectins that may be involved in the host-pathogen interaction. We focused on the lectin AFL, which was prepared in recombinant form and characterized. Its binding properties were studied using hemagglutination and glycan array analysis. We determined the specificity of the lectin towards l-fucose and fucosylated oligosaccharides, including α1-6 linked core-fucose, which is an important marker for cancerogenesis. Other biologically relevant saccharides such as sialic acid, d-mannose or d-galactose were not bound. Blood group epitopes of the ABH and Lewis systems were recognized, Le(Y) being the preferred ligand among others. To provide a correlation between the observed functional characteristics and structural basis, AFL was crystallized in a complex with methyl-α,L-selenofucoside and its structure was solved using the SAD method. Six binding sites, each with different compositions, were identified per monomer and significant differences from the homologous AAL lectin were found. Structure-derived peptides were utilized to prepare anti-AFL polyclonal antibodies, which suggested the presence of AFL on the Aspergillus' conidia, confirming its expression in vivo. Stimulation of human bronchial cells by AFL led to IL-8 production in a dose-dependent manner. AFL thus probably contributes to the inflammatory response observed upon the exposure of a patient to A. fumigatus. The combination of affinity to human epithelial epitopes, production by conidia and pro-inflammatory activity is remarkable and shows that AFL might be an important virulence factor involved in an early stage of A. fumigatus infection.

• MeSH
• Aspergillus fumigatus chemie   MeSH
• aspergilóza imunologie   MeSH
• bronchy cytologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• epitopy chemie   MeSH
• faktory virulence chemie   MeSH
• fukosa chemie   MeSH
• galaktosa chemie   MeSH
• genom fungální MeSH
• hemaglutinace MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
• interleukin-8 metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina N-acetylneuraminová chemie   MeSH
• lektiny chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mannosa chemie   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• oligosacharidy chemie   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvenční homologie aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• spory hub chemie   MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• epitopy MeSH
• faktory virulence MeSH
• fucose-binding lectin MeSH Prohlížeč
• fukosa MeSH
• galaktosa MeSH
• interleukin-8 MeSH
• kyselina N-acetylneuraminová MeSH
• lektiny MeSH
• mannosa MeSH
• oligosacharidy MeSH

Carbohydrate-receptor interactions are an integral part of biological events. They play an important role in many cellular processes, such as cell-cell adhesion, cell differentiation and in-cell signaling. Carbohydrates can interact with a receptor by using several types of intermolecular interactions. One of the most important is the interaction of a carbohydrate's apolar part with aromatic amino acid residues, known as dispersion interaction or CH/π interaction. In the study presented here, we attempted for the first time to quantify how the CH/π interaction contributes to a more general carbohydrate-protein interaction. We used a combined experimental approach, creating single and double point mutants with high level computational methods, and applied both to Ralstonia solanacearum (RSL) lectin complexes with α-L-Me-fucoside. Experimentally measured binding affinities were compared with computed carbohydrate-aromatic amino acid residue interaction energies. Experimental binding affinities for the RSL wild type, phenylalanine and alanine mutants were -8.5, -7.1 and -4.1 kcal x mol(-1), respectively. These affinities agree with the computed dispersion interaction energy between carbohydrate and aromatic amino acid residues for RSL wild type and phenylalanine, with values -8.8, -7.9 kcal x mol(-1), excluding the alanine mutant where the interaction energy was -0.9 kcal x mol(-1). Molecular dynamics simulations show that discrepancy can be caused by creation of a new hydrogen bond between the α-L-Me-fucoside and RSL. Observed results suggest that in this and similar cases the carbohydrate-receptor interaction can be driven mainly by a dispersion interaction.

• MeSH
• aminokyseliny aromatické chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fukosa chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• konformace proteinů MeSH
• konformace sacharidů MeSH
• krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
• lektiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární modely * MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• proteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Ralstonia solanacearum genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sacharidy chemie   MeSH
• sekundární struktura proteinů MeSH
• terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
• termodynamika MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• vodíková vazba MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny aromatické MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• fukosa MeSH
• lektiny MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH