This study presents a comprehensive overview of the most well-known Czech cheeses. It starts with an overview of the three Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) cheeses, followed by a summary of other traditional or well-appreciated cheeses. The cheese-making industry has experienced constant growth, and European cheeses are appreciated globally and locally. The Czech cheese industry is not the exception. However, despite the Czech cheese-making tradition, there is a dearth of scientific knowledge. Most information is outdated, and access to historical databases is insufficient. For the Czech cheeses evaluated in this study, the cheese-making process, alongside the available compositional and functional information, is described when possible. The PGI Olomoucké tvarůžky, Jihočeská Niva, Jihočeská Zlatá Niva cheeses, and the non-protected Blat'ácke zlato cheese have more extensive scientific information presented. Other traditional Czech cheeses, such as Romadur, Nalžov, or Sázava, could be granted a PGI if research provides deeper knowledge about the impact of culture, production region, processes, and ripening, among others, in their unique characteristics.

• MeSH
• Taste MeSH
• History, 20th Century MeSH
• History, 21st Century MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Food Handling * history   methods   MeSH
• Cheese * analysis   history   MeSH
• Check Tag
• History, 20th Century MeSH
• History, 21st Century MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Historical Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map) is a pathogen which causes a chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis known as paratuberculosis or Johne's disease and it primarily affects wild and domestic ruminants. The aim of this research was to examine a flock which consisted of 294 goats and was located in Garfagnana district (Tuscany, Italy) performing ELISA tests, culture and IS900 PCR assay; direct diagnostic methods were carried out not only on bulk tank milk and cheese samples but also on individual milk and tissue specimens collected from nine subjects positive to ELISA tests. Out of 294 animals, 20 goats (6.8%) were positive to ELISA surveys. Bulk tank milk samples were negative to culture and to PCR assay carried out on the DNA extracted directly from them, while, with respect to cheese, Map was detected by culture in 2/12 (16.66%) cheeses ripened for 3-7 days, and by PCR in 2/12 (16.66%) cheeses ripened for 3-7 days and in 3/12 (25%) cheeses ripened for 45 days. Regarding individual milk samples, Map was detected by culture in 2/9 (22.22%) specimens and by PCR in 5/9 (55.55%) samples. Furthermore, Map was isolated from the intestine in 9/9 (100%) animals, from the mesenteric lymph nodes in 8/9 (88.88%) subjects, from the liver in 4/9 (44.44%) goats, from the spleen in 5/9 (55.55%) animals, while Map DNA was found in all the tissue samples analyzed.The results demonstrated the presence of paratuberculosis in a goat flock located in Garfagnana district (Tuscany, Italy).

• Keywords
• Culture, ELISA, Goats, IS900 PCR, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, Necropsy,
• MeSH
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay MeSH
• Goats MeSH
• Milk microbiology   MeSH
• Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genetics   immunology   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Goat Diseases diagnosis   epidemiology   microbiology   MeSH
• Paratuberculosis diagnosis   epidemiology   microbiology   MeSH
• Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
• Cheese microbiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Italy epidemiology   MeSH