Aspergillus section Candidi encompasses white- or yellow-sporulating species mostly isolated from indoor and cave environments, food, feed, clinical material, soil and dung. Their identification is non-trivial due to largely uniform morphology. This study aims to re-evaluate the species boundaries in the section Candidi and present an overview of all existing species along with information on their ecology. For the analyses, we assembled a set of 113 strains with diverse origin. For the molecular analyses, we used DNA sequences of three house-keeping genes (benA, CaM and RPB2) and employed species delimitation methods based on a multispecies coalescent model. Classical phylogenetic methods and genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) approaches were used for comparison. Phenotypic studies involved comparisons of macromorphology on four cultivation media, seven micromorphological characters and growth at temperatures ranging from 10 to 45 °C. Based on the integrative approach comprising four criteria (phylogenetic and phenotypic), all currently accepted species gained support, while two new species are proposed (A. magnus and A. tenebricus). In addition, we proposed the new name A. neotritici to replace an invalidly described A. tritici. The revised section Candidi now encompasses nine species, some of which manifest a high level of intraspecific genetic and/or phenotypic variability (e.g., A. subalbidus and A. campestris) while others are more uniform (e.g., A. candidus or A. pragensis). The growth rates on different media and at different temperatures, colony colours, production of soluble pigments, stipe dimensions and vesicle diameters contributed the most to the phenotypic species differentiation. Taxonomic novelties: New species: Aspergillus magnus Glässnerová & Hubka; Aspergillus neotritici Glässnerová & Hubka; Aspergillus tenebricus Houbraken, Glässnerová & Hubka. Citation: Glässnerová K, Sklenář F, Jurjević Ž, Houbraken J, Yaguchi T, Visagie CM, Gené J, Siqueira JPZ, Kubátová A, Kolařík M, Hubka V (2022). A monograph of Aspergillus section Candidi. Studies in Mycology 102: 1-51. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.102.01.

• Klíčová slova
• Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus tritici, genealogical concordance, integrative taxonomy, intraspecific variability, multispecies coalescent model,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Aflatoxins and ochratoxins are among the most important mycotoxins of all and producers of both types of mycotoxins are present in Aspergillus section Flavi, albeit never in the same species. Some of the most efficient producers of aflatoxins and ochratoxins have not been described yet. Using a polyphasic approach combining phenotype, physiology, sequence and extrolite data, we describe here eight new species in section Flavi. Phylogenetically, section Flavi is split in eight clades and the section currently contains 33 species. Two species only produce aflatoxin B1 and B2 (A. pseudotamarii and A. togoensis), and 14 species are able to produce aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2: three newly described species A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii and A. cerealis in addition to A. arachidicola, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. luteovirescens (formerly A. bombycis), A. nomius, A. novoparasiticus, A. parasiticus, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. sergii and A. transmontanensis. It is generally accepted that A. flavus is unable to produce type G aflatoxins, but here we report on Korean strains that also produce aflatoxin G1 and G2. One strain of A. bertholletius can produce the immediate aflatoxin precursor 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, and one strain of Aspergillus sojae and two strains of Aspergillus alliaceus produced versicolorins. Strains of the domesticated forms of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, A. oryzae and A. sojae, respectively, lost their ability to produce aflatoxins, and from the remaining phylogenetically closely related species (belonging to the A. flavus-, A. tamarii-, A. bertholletius- and A. nomius-clades), only A. caelatus, A. subflavus and A. tamarii are unable to produce aflatoxins. With exception of A. togoensis in the A. coremiiformis-clade, all species in the phylogenetically more distant clades (A. alliaceus-, A. coremiiformis-, A. leporis- and A. avenaceus-clade) are unable to produce aflatoxins. Three out of the four species in the A. alliaceus-clade can produce the mycotoxin ochratoxin A: A. alliaceus s. str. and two new species described here as A. neoalliaceus and A. vandermerwei. Eight species produced the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid: A. bertholletius, A. caelatus, A. luteovirescens, A. nomius, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. pseudotamarii and A. tamarii while the related mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid was produced by 13 species: A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. bertholletius, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. oryzae, A. pipericola, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudotamarii, A. sergii and A. tamarii. Furthermore, A. hancockii produced speradine A, a compound related to cyclopiazonic acid. Selected A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. pipericola and A. sergii strains produced small sclerotia containing the mycotoxin aflatrem. Kojic acid has been found in all species in section Flavi, except A. avenaceus and A. coremiiformis. Only six species in the section did not produce any known mycotoxins: A. aspearensis, A. coremiiformis, A. lanosus, A. leporis, A. sojae and A. subflavus. An overview of other small molecule extrolites produced in Aspergillus section Flavi is given.

• Klíčová slova
• A. Nováková, A. vandermerwei Frisvad, Aflatoxins, Arzanlou & Samson, Aspergillus, Aspergillus aflatoxiformans Frisvad, Aspergillus aspearensis Houbraken, Aspergillus austwickii Frisvad, Aspergillus cerealis Houbraken, Aspergillus neoalliaceus A. Nováková, Aspergillus pipericola Frisvad, Aspergillus subflavus Hubka, Cyclopiazonic acid, Ezekiel, Ezekiel & Samson, Frisvad, Frisvad & Houbraken, Hubka, Samson, Samson & Houbraken, Section Flavi, Tenuazonic acid,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Invasive fungal disease represents one of the severe complications in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. We describe a case of a patient treated for relapse of chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia 6 years after HSCT. The patient was treated for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis but died 3 months later from multiple organ failures consisting of haemorrhagic necrotizing fungal pneumonia, refractory chronic hepatic graft versus host disease and cytomegalovirus hepatitis. Autopsy samples revealed histopathological evidence of fungal hyphae and an unusual Aspergillus nidulans-like species was isolated in pure culture. More precise identification was achieved by using scanning electron microscopy of ascospores and sequencing of calmodulin gene, and the isolate was subsequently re-identified as A. sublatus (section Nidulantes) and showed good in vitro susceptibility against all classes of antifungals. Commonly used ITS rDNA region and β-tubulin gene fail to discriminate A. sublatus from related pathogenic species, especially A. quadrilineatus and A. nidulans. Although this is the first case of proven IPA attributed to A. sublatus, we demonstrated that at least some previously reported infections due to A. quadrilineatus were probably caused by this cryptic species.

• Klíčová slova
• Aspergillus quadrilineatus, Aspergillus section Nidulantes, Haematopoietic stem cell transplant, Invasive aspergillosis,
• MeSH
• antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Aspergillus klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie komplikace   MeSH
• cytomegalovirové infekce komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fatální výsledek MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• invazivní plicní aspergilóza diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• kalmodulin genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• nemoc štěpu proti hostiteli komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• příjemce transplantátu MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• transplantace hematopoetických kmenových buněk škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• tubulin genetika   MeSH
• virová hepatitida u lidí komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antifungální látky MeSH
• DNA fungální MeSH
• kalmodulin MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA MeSH
• tubulin MeSH

Cryptic species of Aspergillus fumigatus, including the Aspergillus viridinutans species complex, are increasingly reported to be causes of invasive aspergillosis. Their identification is clinically relevant, as these species frequently have intrinsic resistance to common antifungals. We evaluated the susceptibilities of 90 environmental and clinical isolates from the A. viridinutans species complex, identified by DNA sequencing of the calmodulin gene, to seven antifungals (voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin) using the reference European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) method. The majority of species demonstrated elevated MICs of voriconazole (geometric mean [GM] MIC, 4.46 mg/liter) and itraconazole (GM MIC, 9.85 mg/liter) and had variable susceptibility to amphotericin B (GM MIC, 2.5 mg/liter). Overall, the MICs of posaconazole and the minimum effective concentrations of echinocandins were low. The results obtained by the EUCAST method were compared with the results obtained with Sensititre YeastOne (YO) panels. Overall, there was 67% agreement (95% confidence interval [CI], 62 to 72%) between the results obtained by the EUCAST method and those obtained with YO panels when the results were read at 48 h and 82% agreement (95% CI, 78 to 86%) when the results were read at 72 h. There was a significant difference in agreement between antifungals; agreement was high for amphotericin B, voriconazole, and posaconazole (70 to 86% at 48 h and 88 to 93% at 72 h) but was very low for itraconazole (37% at 48 h and 57% at 72 h). The agreement was also variable between species, with the maximum agreement being observed for A. felis isolates (85 and 93% at 48 and 72 h, respectively). Elevated MICs of voriconazole and itraconazole were cross-correlated, but there was no correlation between the other azoles tested.

• Klíčová slova
• Aspergillus felis, Aspergillus udagawae, amphotericin B, cryptic species, echinocandins, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole,
• MeSH
• amfotericin B farmakologie   MeSH
• antifungální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Aspergillus účinky léků   MeSH
• echinokandiny farmakologie   MeSH
• itrakonazol farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• triazoly farmakologie   MeSH
• vorikonazol farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amfotericin B MeSH
• antifungální látky MeSH
• echinokandiny MeSH
• itrakonazol MeSH
• posaconazole MeSH Prohlížeč
• triazoly MeSH
• vorikonazol MeSH

Aspergillus section Restricti together with sister section Aspergillus (formerly Eurotium) comprises xerophilic species, that are able to grow on substrates with low water activity and in extreme environments. We adressed the monophyly of both sections within subgenus Aspergillus and applied a multidisciplinary approach for definition of species boundaries in sect. Restricti. The monophyly of sections Aspergillus and Restricti was tested on a set of 102 isolates comprising all currently accepted species and was strongly supported by Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inferrence (BI) analysis based on β-tubulin (benA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) loci. More than 300 strains belonging to sect. Restricti from various isolation sources and four continents were characterized by DNA sequencing, and 193 isolates were selected for phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic studies. Species delimitation methods based on multispecies coalescent model were employed on DNA sequences from four loci, i.e., ID region of rDNA (ITS + 28S), CaM, benA and RPB2, and supported recognition of 21 species, including 14 new. All these species were also strongly supported in ML and BI analyses. All recognised species can be reliably identified by all four examined genetic loci. Phenotype analysis was performed to support the delimitation of new species and includes colony characteristics on seven cultivation media incubated at several temperatures, growth on an osmotic gradient (six media with NaCl concentration from 0 to 25 %) and analysis of morphology including scanning electron microscopy. The micromorphology of conidial heads, vesicle dimensions, temperature profiles and growth parameters in osmotic gradient were useful criteria for species identification. The vast majority of species in sect. Restricti produce asperglaucide, asperphenamate or both in contrast to species in sect. Aspergillus. Mycophenolic acid was detected for the first time in at least six members of the section. The ascomata of A. halophilicus do not contain auroglaucin, epiheveadride or flavoglaucin which are common in sect. Aspergillus, but shares the echinulins with sect. Aspergillus.

• Klíčová slova
• Aspergillus canadensis Visagie, Yilmaz, F. Sklenar & Seifert, Aspergillus clavatophorus F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus destruens Zalar, F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus domesticus F. Sklenar, Houbraken, Zalar & Hubka, Aspergillus glabripes F. Sklenar, Ž. Jurjević & Hubka, Aspergillus hordei F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus infrequens F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus magnivesiculatus F. Sklenar, Zalar, Ž. Jurjević & Hubka, Aspergillus pachycaulis F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson, Ž. Jurjević & Hubka, Aspergillus penicillioides, Aspergillus pseudogracilis F. Sklenar, Ž. Jurjević & Hubka, Aspergillus restrictus, Aspergillus reticulatus F. Sklenar, Ž. Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus salinicola Zalar, F. Sklenar, Visagie & Hubka, Aspergillus tardicrescens F. Sklenar, Houbraken, Zalar, & Hubka, Aspergillus villosus F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Eurotium, food spoilage, indoor fungi, linear discriminant analysis, multigene phylogeny, multispecies coalescent model, sick building syndrome, xerophilic fungi,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We report a case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by Alternaria infectoria in a 61-year-old heart transplant recipient with multiple skin lesions and pulmonary infiltrates. The infection spread via the haematogenous route from the primary cutaneous lesions into the lungs. The diagnosis was based on the histopathological examination, direct microscopy, skin lesion cultures and detection of Alternaria DNA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using molecular methods. The treatment consisted of a combination of surgical excision and systemic antifungal therapy. Voriconazole was the first agent used but had a weak effect. Posaconazole was subsequently used to achieve a successful response. The isolate was identified as A. infectoria by sequencing of the rDNA ITS region and the partial β-tubulin gene.

• Klíčová slova
• Alternariosis, Heart transplantation, Phaeohyphomycosis, Pulmonary infection,
• MeSH
• Alternaria klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• antifungální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• debridement MeSH
• dermatomykózy diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• histocytochemie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• phaeohyphomykóza diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• plicní mykózy diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• příjemce transplantátu MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• transplantace srdce MeSH
• triazoly terapeutické užití   MeSH
• tubulin genetika   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antifungální látky MeSH
• DNA fungální MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA MeSH
• posaconazole MeSH Prohlížeč
• triazoly MeSH
• tubulin MeSH

Rock-inhabiting fungi harbour species-rich, poorly differentiated, extremophilic taxa of polyphyletic origin. Their closest relatives are often well-known species from various biotopes with significant pathogenic potential. Speleothems represent a unique rock-dwelling habitat, whose mycobiota are largely unexplored. Isolation of fungi from speleothem biofilm covering bare granite walls in the Kungsträdgården metro station in Stockholm yielded axenic cultures of two distinct black yeast morphotypes. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from six nuclear loci, ITS, nuc18S and nuc28S rDNA, rpb1, rpb2 and β-tubulin, support their placement in the Chaetothyriales (Ascomycota). They are described as a new genus Bacillicladium with the type species B. lobatum, and a new species Bradymyces graniticola. Bacillicladium is distantly related to the known five chaetothyrialean families and is unique in the Chaetothyriales by variable morphology showing hyphal, meristematic and yeast-like growth in vitro. The nearest relatives of Bacillicladium are recruited among fungi isolated from cardboard-like construction material produced by arboricolous non-attine ants. Their sister relationship is weakly supported by the Maximum likelihood analysis, but strongly supported by Bayesian inference. The genus Bradymyces is placed amidst members of the Trichomeriaceae and is ecologically undefined; it includes an opportunistic animal pathogen while two other species inhabit rock surfaces. ITS rDNA sequences of three species accepted in Bradymyces and other undescribed species and environmental samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis and in-depth comparative analysis of ITS1 and ITS2 secondary structures in order to study their intraspecific variability. Compensatory base change criterion in the ITS2 secondary structure supported delimitation of species in Bradymyces, which manifest a limited number of phenotypic features useful for species recognition. The role of fungi in the speleothem biofilm and relationships of Bacillicladium and Bradymyces with other members of the Chaetothyriales are discussed.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• biofilmy MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• Formicidae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• konformace nukleové kyseliny MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• tubulin genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Švédsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA fungální MeSH
• fungální proteiny MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II MeSH
• tubulin MeSH

A case report of cutaneous mucormycosis and obstacles to early diagnosis is presented. A 38-year-old male was involved in a car accident that led to amputation of both lower limbs. Subsequently, he developed fungal wound infection of the left lower limb stump. The infection was detected very early, although the diagnosis was difficult because only a small area was affected and histopathological examination was initially negative. The infection was proven by microscopy, culture and histopathology. The isolate was identified by sequencing of the rDNA ITS region gene (internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA) as Lichtheimia corymbifera. Liposomal amphotericin B and surgery were successful in management of the disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Amphotericin B, Cutaneous mucormycosis, Lichtheimia corymbifera, Mycological diagnosis,
• MeSH
• amfotericin B aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• časná diagnóza MeSH
• debridement MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• dopravní nehody MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• histocytochemie MeSH
• infekce v ráně diagnóza   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• Mucorales klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mukormykóza diagnóza   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• rány a poranění komplikace   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amfotericin B MeSH
• antifungální látky MeSH
• DNA fungální MeSH
• liposomal amphotericin B MeSH Prohlížeč
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA MeSH

Trichophyton bullosum is a zoophilic dermatophyte from the Arthroderma benhamiae complex with a poorly known distribution. In this study, we report a case of dermatophytosis caused by T. bullosum in a 6-year-old male horse who had a skin lesion located in a saddle area. The infection spread rapidly to the upper chest and to both sides of the trunk. The dermatophyte was isolated in culture and identified by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS rDNA). To date, this is the first verified case of animal infection due to T. bullosum in Europe following the 2012 report of human infection in France. We hypothesize that this species can be relatively common in horses and donkeys, but it is confused with other zoophilic species responsible for infections with similar clinical manifestations, and when isolated in culture, it is misidentified as the phenotypically similar T. verrucosum. Previous cases of dermatophytosis caused by T. verrucosum-like dermatophytes in horses and donkeys were reviewed together with human infections transmitted from these animals. This summary estimates possible distribution width of T. bullosum. The taxonomy of T. verrucosum-like dermatophytes is extremely difficult due to lack of original material and poor morphology of species. Molecular genetic methods are necessary to verify the identification of these fungi. ITS1 or ITS2 region of rDNA alone is sufficient for correct identification.

• Klíčová slova
• Arthroderma benhamiae complex, Enilconazole, Flutrimazole, Horse diseases, Superficial mycoses, Zoonotic infections,
• MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• koně MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• mykologické určovací techniky MeSH
• nemoci koní diagnóza   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• tinea diagnóza   mikrobiologie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Trichophyton klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA fungální MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA MeSH